Gestalt Laws Essay

The Law of Figure-Ground This law is to subdivides the image into two parts, one that is clear to the eyes and another one, that is not so clear, sometimes our mind focus so much in one image that can see the other one. This image is a great example, where you can see batman and joker. The Law of Simplicity This law is about that a content of what you see must be simple, otherwise the person that is seeing the image, ads or a website get tired of looking the important information on it. Example of a good usage, advertisement from WWF The law of proximity This law says that the items that are the belong together must stay that way, to avoid misunderstanding and to become clear. For example you can see that is clear that the name of the woman on the front cover of the magazine it’s called Nicole Scherzinger The law of similarity This law is used a lot in the packaging of the products where the people associate color, shapes, forms or typography to a certain brand. A really strong example of that is coca-cola. The Law of Symmetry This law says that the symmetrical images are mo please to our eyes and we associate better parts of the images better if they are symmetrical. A example is this photo of a building that have symmetrical architecture. The Law of Similar Background This law helps grouping information by giving a different background. Such as this image that uses the background color blue to identify the sponsors. The Law of Closure The Law of Closure explains why elements are recognized even if they are incomplete or nonexistent. The Law of Gap-filling The Law of Gap-filling says that our brains fills the gaps in a image. Such as this dalmata that is not complete The law of continuity This law explains that every time that we see a continuous image or a arrow we tend to continue follow that direction. As this image that says to look to the left but our brains follow the arrow.

Childhood and Pg

How did Eddie die and why did he put himself in such danger? (pg. 15) he got smashed by a fiberglass cart from the drop nd to save a little girl Today is Eddie's Birthday (#1) What decade in the 1900s was Eddie born? (pg. 19) in the 1920s Chapter 2: The Journey Did Eddie die trying to save the little girl? (pg. 21) Did Eddie save the little girl? (pg. 1) yes, we dont know Why do you think Eddie doesn't feel worry or pain?Explain your answer. (pg. 22)its a earthly feeling Today is Eddie's Birthday (#2)How old is Eddie? And what is his party like? (pgs. 23-25)eddie is 5 it was fun with cake and he whore a cowboy costume Chapter 3: The Arrival Where does Eddie wake up? How is it different from what he remembered at the end of his life? (pgs. 26-27) ruby pier, old rides are still there How is Eddied different? What can he do that he hadn't done (or been able to do) for years? (pgs. 27-28) he can run At the end of the chapter, who is waiting for Eddie? (pg. 31). the blue man Chapter 4: Th e First Person Eddie Meets in Heaven Why does Eddie feel like a child? pg. 32) Hes back at his childhood place Where does the Blue Man tell Eddie he is? (pg. 34) In Heavan Why isn't Eddie happy with the answer? (pg. 34) He didnt want to believe it, he doesnt think that place is heavan According to the Blue Man, what is the purpose of heaven and how does it tie into the title: The Five People You Meet in Heaven? (pg. 35) (important to the novel's theme) To explain your life on earth What killed the Blue Man? (pg. 36) Eddie did. Based upon what you know about Eddie thus far, how do you think the Blue Man's evelation about who killed him affected Eddie?Explain your answer. yes he felt guilty Today is Eddie's Birthday (#3)Based upon what happened in this section, who is braver: Eddie or Joe? Explain why. He gets the ball nd Joe runs off like a little Describe the Blue Man's childhood. Why doesn't his father care for him? (pgs. 39-40) he was shy and fidgety, He was ashamed of him for emb arassing him Why is the Ruby Pier in the 1920s the Blue Man's heaven? (pg. 42) he felt accepted Today is Eddie's Birthday (#4) Where does Eddie unwillingly go on his 8th birthday? he had to Childhood and Pg By hhectr64

Environmental Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental Economy - Essay Example The Catholic Church, through its top leader, the Pope will also participate in the debate and give its stand on the regarding global warming (Rocca n.p). The other participants will be shareholders of various companies to address issues concerning carbon emissions through its reduction. Many big investors are now taking global warming with a lot of seriousness and considerations. The oil mining and coal mining companies will set rules that give a limit of the emissions while putting a consideration of keeping the cost of oil and natural gas low to avoid creating low demand. Change in behavior has encouraged the executives of big companies to support climate change and are now raising the issue unlike before. Environmental and natural economics deals with the principles of economics with respect to the management of the environment and natural resources and the way they are affected by pollution. The article relates to economics in various ways since economics can explain on ways of shifting towards the use of low carbon fuels at low cost. Policy intervention, especially on behavioural economics, is vital for environmental conservation, which the article aims at achieving. Environmental conservation and reduction of global warming requires a lot of money to implement the policies, but the benefits are desirable. Various economic outcomes arise from the environmental policies that tend to address carbon emissions such as high productivity, innovation stimulation, the creation of employment, and the improvement in the balance of trade. Controlling the use of the fossil fuels is essential for reducing global warming and environmental conservation. The article should have addressed the importance of phasing out all the environmentally harmful subsidies and encouragement of good practices to help in minimizing the usage of carbon fuels. The private sector can help a lot in lowering global warming as most of the emissions come from private

ECE 410 Assessment Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ECE 410 Assessment Assignment - Essay Example I then performed a series of assessments like asking him to state the first and last letters of his name. In the next test, I jumbled the letters of his name and asked him to arrange them in their correct order both in uppercase and in lower case. Paul completed the tasks successfully. I then wrote random names on a piece of paper and told him to read them out as I pointed at the names. He could not read the names but as soon as I pointed at his name, he read it. I then read the other names for him. He could recognize and pronounce the first and last letter of his name. In the last question of this assessment, I asked him to write some words of his choice. He managed to write only the three letter English words like cat, hat, boy and dog. He listed down the letters that begin with the same letter as his name. He named his family members but could not write down their names. I rated Paul’s ability as satisfactory. I did this assessment using a small storybook Harlem’s Little Blackbird by Watson (Watson, 2012). The book had alternating stories written in words and pictures explaining the story. The words in the print out had large fonts with well-written simple English. The word count on average basis was five. I asked Paul a multiple of questions about the book. I asked him what people do with books, he gave reading as the answer to the question. He knew that the book contained print and pictures. He knew that people should read a book from left to right. He had knowledge of the different punctuation marks used in the book. Paul could show me the front, cover and back of the book. Paul knew that once the first line was complete, we move to the next line and begin from left to right. He could tell the different punctuation marks present and could locate them. He, however, could not tell what the author of the book did. The assessment was excellent. I erected board with all the 26 alphabetical letters in front of him at a considerable distance. The letters

Business Writing.... Career Study Project Term Paper

Business Writing.... Career Study Project - Term Paper Example Project description This project seeks to list the challenges that MCC students have been experiencing when looking for a suitable career or major area of study at MCC Career/Job Service Center: - Overwhelming amount of unsorted information regarding an HR recruiter Lack of organization and guidelines of how and where to look for information Unawareness of Holland’s Conventional personality types, thus inability to match their personal interest and desires with career selection Lack of any summarized information specifically describing Holland’s Conventional personality type and the HR recruiter career with all pertinent information (i.e. required education, salary information, required experience, job description) To solve all the issues listed above, a concise but comprehensive study of the HR recruiter career has been produced. It includes all viable information to place in the MCC Career Center or post on your website to help interested students to make informed dec isions about their potential career path. Scope Project covers the following: The areas of focus are the following: salary progression, promotional opportunities, job security, workload, etc. Information regarding the career of an HR recruiter along with any findings related to the careers appeal and usefulness Summary of key findings and recommendations to the potential student if the career is suitable for him/her based on his/her Holland Personality Type. The information summary tables and the reference page with recommended resources Report Format Discussion of HR recruiter Conclusion and Recommendations References DISCUSSION OF HUMAN RESOURCES RECRUITER CAREER Overview This career study will help current MCC students to find the career that is the most suitable to their personality, interests, and skills, using Holland’s Personality Type model. The report also provides all detailed information regarding the particular career of their choice such as required education, sk ills, experience, current and future job opportunities, work environment, work conditions, salary, and benefits. The career study project also summarizes all gathered information for each HR recruiter career level in an easy-to-read summary table for a quick reference. Sources of the information are listed in the summary table as well. Criteria and Methodology This report targets students with Conventional Holland’s Personality Type Model, who would be suitable for the career of HR recruiter. This personality type has excellent organizational skills and prefers building relationships across diverse cultures and backgrounds. To evaluate the suitability of this career, the following topics were researched using current government and internet sources: The information regarding the career of HR recruiter is divided in the following categories: Required education, skills, and experience Conventional type person likes being precise, orderly, organizing, and paying attention to det ails, so a bachelor’s degree in labor relations, personnel, and human resources is helpful and a good knowledge of the labor law is an asset. Examples of the required skills are: effective oral and written communication skills, relationship building skills, excellent computer skills in a Microsoft Windows environment, ability to work independently

Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals Lab Report

Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals - Lab Report Example The evidence is processed and note taking is performed during serology analysis as this is the first time the evidence is unwrapped in the laboratory. It is the responsibility of the serologists for documenting the type, quality and packaging of the evidence that is received in the laboratory. The serological methods adopted for the Forensic serology examination are straightforward. The identification of biological fluids is performed using presumptive and confirmatory testing. The presumptive encompass sensitive and specific test of the bodily fluid. It narrows the areas to be focused on. It provides the possibility of presence of bodily fluid in the specimen. This may result in false positives and therefore confirmatory tests are performed specific to the bodily fluid (Gefrides, L). Semen is a bodily fluid produced by male individual for fertilization. In the forensic study the semen is simplified in two components: seminal fluid and spermatozoa. Seminal fluid is rich in amino acid s, sugars, salts, ions and other organic and inorganic materials elaborated as a heterogeneous gelatinous mass contributed by seminal vesicles, the prostate gland and Cowper’s glands. Spermatozoa refors to â€Å"sperms†, the male gametes or sex cells produced in the testis. It is evident that all men do not produce spermatozoa, especially those who have had a vasectomy, birth defects or as a result of some diseases, the seminal fluid will either not contain spermatozoa or contain very few. Body fluids like blood, saliva, urine.... It is imperative that the time between the assault and the examination can be a critical factor in the accurate diagnosis of bodily fluids because longer the time span more will be the loss of the evidence (Gefrides, L). The evidence is processed and note taking is performed during serology analysis as this is the first time the evidence is unwrapped in the laboratory. It is the responsibility of the serologists for documenting the type, quality and packaging of the evidence that is received in the laboratory. The serological methods adopted for the Forensic serology examination are straightforward. The identification of biological fluids is performed using presumptive and confirmatory testing. The presumptive encompass sensitive and specific test of the bodily fluid. It narrows the areas to be focused on. It provides the possibility of presence of bodily fluid in the specimen. This may result in false positives and therefore confirmatory tests are performed specific to the bodily fl uid (Gefrides, L). Semen is a bodily fluid produced by male individual for fertilization. In the forensic study the semen is simplified in two components: seminal fluid and spermatozoa. Seminal fluid is rich in amino acids, sugars, salts, ions and other organic and inorganic materials elaborated as a heterogeneous gelatinous mass contributed by seminal vesicles, the prostate gland and Cowper's glands. Spermatozoa refors to "sperms", the male gametes or sex cells produced in the testis. It is evident that all men do not produce spermatozoa, especially those who have had a vasectomy, birth defects or as a result of some diseases, the seminal fluid will either not contain spermatozoa or contain very few. It is therefore imperative to forensically examine the

Importance on maintaining Academic Honesty Essay

Importance on maintaining Academic Honesty - Essay Example This paper discusses the importance of academic integrity and honesty. Maintaining academic integrity in our institutions is extremely crucial. First, academic integrity in our institutions is a predictor of workplace honesty. It is widely said, â€Å"Practice, practice makes perfect.† This means that it hard to stop an action once hooked into it. A study carried out reveal that at least 90% of the students participate in some form of cheating either directly or indirectly in their school time. Technology and Wikis allow this where students collaborate without authority to complete their assignments. Rosati concurs with this in her study and reports a higher number of plagiarism issues due to students increasing use of World Wide Web as a research space (Rosati, 2002) The high numbers of cheating among the students means that more corrupt men and women join the workforce every year. A person who can cheat in an exam through copying or using unauthorized materials during an academic exercise is a person without objectivity. Such persons have a conditional memory and cannot make appropriate decisions when given certain authorities in a company. To remain at a competitive edge with other companies, companies need leaders who can original and innovative in the market. Academic honesty shapes a student and prepares them for their careers in future in that they learn to work with an independent mind. Secondly, maintaining academic honesty develop core values and cornerstones of educational institutions. It is the responsibility of every faculty, and educational organization to establish guidelines that every of their students should understand. Of all these guidelines, none of them is as essential as maintaining academic integrity guidelines. The code outlines the expectations of the university to the students and requires them to act with integrity and

How can the treatment of cancer with recombinant antibodies be Essay

How can the treatment of cancer with recombinant antibodies be improved - Essay Example The process focuses on the production of recombined genes leading to the rapid re-production of genetically modified bacteria causing the process to continue further by virtue of reproduction of DNA segments and recombination with original DNA. Antibodies, resembled to ‘Y’ shape, refer to the protein molecules with a crucial role for keeping and restoring our health to its optimum state by identifying and attacking foreign bodies entering into our health system. Several types of antibodies have been acknowledged in scientific studies, each type has the capability to recognize unique and distinctive antigens and to get combined with the targeted antigens by using the method of molecular structuring leading to the eventual destruction of several antibodies of foreign objects like viruses or bacteria. There are several reasons associated with the advantages of application of recombinant antibodies such as there no animals are needed so inflexibility regarding the issue of u sing animals for human research could possibly be avoided. Secondly, the manufacturing time for producing recombinant antibodies is significantly less compared to the conventional method. Thirdly and most importantly the quality of the product is far more acceptable than that of the traditional one by virtue of the production of a large number of various antibodies working against a particular antigen in a single selection procedure is possible. The aim of this research is to describe the development of new role and techniques of producing recombinant antibodies in cancer treatment. The library structure of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) may be biased towards specificities in particular present in the immunized fragments of immunized animals (Clackson et al, 1991) or naturally immunized or contaminated individuals (Burton et al, 1991). These libraries are primarily structured from VH and VL gene pools which are derived on the basis of either PCR-based (Orlandi et al,

The proposal argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The proposal argument - Essay Example The age of 18 earns one the badge of adulthood that makes him or her subject to trials in adult courts for any violation or crime committed, if any. Furthermore, several statistical data from NHTSA show the many inconsistencies regarding the supposed link of alcohol consumption to vehicular accidents and fatalities due to drunk driving. There are nations with more leniency in alcohol consumption that do not have the same vehicular accident concerns as the U.S. Unless the risks of alcohol consumption are lessened by maintaining the legal age for alcohol consumption at 21, the legal age for drinking alcohol should be lowered to 18. While there are many people and organizations who oppose the current MLDA, its advocates maintain that lowering the legal age for alcohol consumption would bring more risks than benefits. For one, it is said that consuming alcohol at an earlier age increases the possibilities of alcoholism in adulthood. Some say that brain development continues until age 20, and consuming alcohol prior to full brain growth can inhibit some of the brain’s development and potential. ... HTSA) statistics on â€Å"Alcohol Impaired Driving,† the decrease in the fatalities due to drunk driving did not decrease in accordance with the MLDA (NHTSA â€Å"Alcohol Impaired Driving† & Voas, Tippetts, and Fell 581). Furthermore, the MLDA proves to be counterproductive and hinders the more effective strategy of teaching responsible consumption of alcohol (Gulliver and Begg 774). It is a fact that cannot be denied that almost all of the political-, social-, personal-, and business-related activities can be done at 18 years of age (Ferreira and Willoughby 15). Everyone knows that a person aged 18 can, and is allowed to vote for the leaders of the land. It is ridiculous that a person can be trusted to choose the political leaders for his or her country yet be untrusted in terms of alcohol consumption. Everyone knows too that getting married at 18 is legal. It is ridiculous that a person can be trusted to be another person’s life partner yet be untrusted in term s of alcoholic drinks. Voting and marriage are both greater and heavier responsibilities when compared to alcohol consumption. Another interesting fact here is the legality of being a foster parent at 18. A person who is 18 years is deemed adult enough to be entrusted with the care and well-being of a minor, yet is deemed too young to drink alcohol. These adults are even allowed to enter into legally binding contracts at 18. Furthermore, it seems awkward and illogical to prohibit newly married 20-year old couples from sipping champagne at their own weddings. 18 earns an individual the rights and privileges of adults, including the fact that the adult will be subject to trials in adult courts for any violation or crime committed, if any (Subbaraman and Kerr 293). When one is considered a minor, the individual is

Imperialistic Africa Essay Example for Free

Imperialistic Africa Essay During the 19th century of the Industrial Age, many European nations (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Britain) sought for a source for raw material and a market for manufactured goods in Africa. This economic motivation helped drive the Scramble for Africa. The Scramble for Africa [1885-1910] was when many European nations competed for colonies in Africa. To take control of these regions, the European powers came up with the Treaty of Berlin. This stated that they would not sell firearms to Africa; which resulted in Europeans having a monopoly on guns in Africa. However, although it stated that they would not sell firearms to Africa making it easier to take it over, it also stated that they would suppress slavery. During the Scramble for Africa, or the imperialism imposed in Africa, there were great contributions that ultimately modernized Africa, as well as, bad influences, such as the carving of Africa without the influence of the traditional tribal boundaries, causing tribalism and civil wars. Many modernizing contributions were in medicine and education. The British built hospital and schools in Africa. They also contributed to putting an end to the slave trade. The access to basic medical care and education were, therefore, due to British intervention. This boost in medical care also heightened many African life spans. Also, some Africans were even allowed to have a western education rather than just basic education. Also, eventually, Britain allowed the African colonies to vote for power, realizing that the only way for safety in Africa was to rule with the people. This eventually concluded with many African nations liberating themselves from British control and becoming an independent nation, such as Republic of Congo (1958), and Tanzania (1964), Although there were some contributions that helped to modernize Africa, there were also many harmful effects from the imperialism of Africa, such as the methods they used to take control of some regions. In other cases, there was not a clear understanding of what the treaties were about or what the consequences of them would be. Secondly, military force was used in some cases when there was a large amount of resistance to colonial rule. Unit Two: Studying Africa through the Social Studies] This suggested that sometimes European nations would use brute force to impose their authority over the native people. For example, during the Battle of Rorke’s Drift, 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors were killed for their land. This left only a remnants of a once strong tribe of warriors. This demonstrates how military force was used in some cases when there was a large amount of resistance to colonial rule. Also, according to The White Man’s Burden, by Rudyard Kipling, many native people did not like European imperialism. For example, in the 1st stanza 4th line, he states,† To serve your captives need† This illustrates how many natives thought themselves like prisoners. In another line, he states, â€Å"To seek anothers profit, and work anothers gain. † This demonstrates how rather than how Europeans said they came to protect them by signing the treaty; they actually used the colonies raw materials to help fuel their own economy. A major long-term negative effect that still affects Africa today are the arbitrary political boundaries which European nations established. The European nations never thought about the traditional tribal boundaries. This results with several different tribes in one nation that may feel ill towards one another causing civil wars and power struggles within national governments. For example, the 2nd Congo War involved eight African nations, as well as about 25 armed groups. By 2008 the war and its aftermath had killed 5. 4 million people, mostly from disease and starvation. By the turn of the 21st century, the economy of many African nations was suffering. They were battered by rapid population growth, declining export earnings, foreign debt, drought, floods, and civil war. The average African household consumed 20% less than it had in the 1950s. The continents birthrates and mortality rates were the highest in the world. More than half of all foreign aid was consumed by debt service. In addition, over 73% of the more than 40 million people infected with HIV (see AIDS) in 2002 lived in Africa; 30% or more of the populations of Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe were infected. Nevertheless, Africa largely escaped the financial turbulence that engulfed much of the rest of the world in the late 1990s and again in the early 21st century. [Africa, History of (II)] Because of the imperialism of Africa, many European countries have become powerful nations filled with wealth and prosperity and Africa now have many schools and hospitals. Many Africans can now go to school and get an education and may even one day start businesses. However, the negative aftermaths of European Imperialism on Africa has greatly affected its nations. Because of the long-term political borders dividing Africa, there are many civil wars killing millions of lives and spreading disease. Although Europe brought schools and hospitals, it does not make up for all the lives that could have been saved if the European nations had just considered the traditional boundaries rather than for their own profit. Even the education and health care were not substantial. They were the most basic forms of education and health care. Only very few were allowed to have western education. Therefore, overall there weren’t many positive impacts for the African people from European Imperialism.

Power and Politics of Performance Management

Power and Politics of Performance Management Organization politics are a reality in most organizations, and while game-playing might outwardly appear to be wasted time, it is necessary in order to secure resources, progress ideas, achieve personal goals, and often to enhance ones standing. It is naive to realistically expect to be able to stand aloof from organizational politics. You may be respected for doing so, but your progress will be limited and you will be seen as an easy target. (Buchanan Badham, 2007, pp 47-59) From a managing and leading people prospective, the later part will discuss about how power politics and control influence on the management of performance of individuals and organizational .what are the key aspects of the approaches of the power politics and controls over the management of performance. What is the good aspect and what is the negative aspect of those elements when we bring performance management into consideration on individual bases and on organizational bases. It will also identify what is meant by power, politics and control and the management of performance. All the relevant theories from the module and practical theories will be discussed in detail. Power and politics Management of performance: Before going into discussion about power politics and organizational control one need to discuss the dilemma of performance management. Performance management is not only about the employees performance but it mixture of how the organization as whole performing (internally and externally), its various department (sales, administration etc), budgeting, finance management, policies, services and products organizing groups for mutual task etc. According to Bratton Gold, pp 274, (2007) Performance management refers to the set of interconnected practices which are design to ensure that a person overall capabilities and potential are appraised, so that relevant goals can be set for work and development and, through assessment, data on work behaviour and performance can be collected and reviewed. On the other hand, Armstrong and Baron, pp 1-5, (2009) defining the management of performance as a process which contribute to the effective management of individuals and teams in order to achieve high level of organizational performance -as such, it established shared understanding about what is to achieved and an approach to leading and developing people which will ensure that it is achieved. Power and Politics: Power and politics are the ability or official capacity to exercise and control authority. It also has been known as an individual, groups, or states that have more control over others. Politics is defined as the art or science of government or governing, especially the governing of a political body, such as a nation, organizations, and the administration and control of its internal and external affairs. As businesses harness the power of technology to change and drive the bottom line, power and politics have been seen as the force behind this change. The managements bring important attributes to the table that lead the enterprises direction, from putting the companys strategic visions to finding short-term solutions, getting long-term targets, and bringing in partners who can change and improve the companys profits. Examine the persuasive and powerful individuals, and political base management in executive offices. A common feature among many will emerge: strong values and the abili ty to facilitate change. Thus it is understood how power and politics work together, and benefits each other well in the business setting. Although most individuals think as power as a force over something or someone, it is not identified as a political force. Power shared with political support has proven to be very beneficial in society or in organization. The former president of Pakistan General Pervaiz musharraf is an example of how he maintained power and politics in his regime effectively through a positive control which had influence positively on the country overall performance as comparing to its past. Leader is the key success for an effective performance of an organization. How far we can see power and politics: The topic of power is so vital and difficult to define in a single sentence yet people made different approaches towards power definition. Power can be exerted not only by some individuals over other, but also by some groups, sections departments, organization and indeed by some nations over other. (Huczynski Buchanan, 2007). Another writer Jay (1967) commented on the power definition as power lies in the acceptance of your authority by others -their knowledge that if they try to resist you they will fail and you will succeed, (jay, 1967). According to Gallagher (2003), power is the capacity to impress the dominance of ones goal or values on other. One can say that power is the source of individual authority and approached to get the thing s done. In other words the ability to make something happening or preventing it forms happening. On the other hand Organization politics can be defined as informal, parochial, typically divisive and illegitimate behaviour that is aimed at displaci ng legitimate power (Mintzberg, 1983). Organizations mainly consisted of organizational politics. Authorities or leaders usually exercising power have the same amount of politics. Working in organization one can see closely the relation of power and politics. It is believe that it is a reality in the organizations. According to Prasad, (1993) Politicking is one of the option for those who wish to influence decisions. It is believed that politics inside organization can be exercised for and against the organization. But most of the critics believed that politics mostly disrupt organizational efficiency and effectiveness (kacmar et al., 1999). Also it consuming time, restricting information and making communication difficulties (Eisenhard Bourgeois, 1988). It also creating the environment stressful, decreasing job satisfaction and making high level of employees turn over. Form a very way power and politics described as essential sources in the organizational life .some critics described as good well for organizational life and some criticised as negative element for organizational life and individuals well being. Power and politics can understand through its sources and tactics that how individuals exercising them through various means and controlling the whole sort of culture which automatically reflects on their performance. There are different approaches has been made by the writers, individualist and pluralist are the commons in them. Power as an individuals property: This type of power has been exercised by individuals with a Social and Interpersonal skills, Power can be seen in particular individuals inside the organizations (Huczynski and Buchanan, pp 435, 2007). Clearly stating who have the power and those who dont have. Individual property can be eliminated in two types of sources, structural sources and personal source based on managing with power theory (Jeffrey, 1992). Structural source: Individual formal role and position .the Ability of gaining support and allies, Individuals have fully control over information Reducing problems and uncertainty. Also have influence on the organization communication physically and emotionally, and the pervasiveness of individual activities within the organization. Such kind of power can be seen in accountants or accountant general officers and HR manager who have more power and authority than others. They hold a strong position and can be positive or negative effect on the organization overall performance. Individuals source: Power can be seen in Individuals, those who have more energy and physical stamina. The ability of focusing on energy and avoiding worthless efforts has fully understanding of other employees feelings. Individuals have a great capability of mental toughness and ability to control stress situation like conflicts and confrontations. All those Characteristics of power are known as more socialistic and talk about individual behaviour of its approach towards power. Power as a source of relationship According to French raven, pp 259-269 (1959) and Buchanan Budham (1999), Power as an individuals property yet it is property of relationship. French raven, pp 259-269 (1959), identified five types of power which are exercising within organization. Relationship power can be described as personal power and positional power. Each of these can be influence on the individuals behaviour, attitude and values. Figure 1. Types of Individual Power. (Source: French raven, 1959) Reward power: It is combination of different element such as resources, assisting employee or empowering them in some areas, sharing information, advancement, recognitions, personnel and emotional support of an individual authority exerting in organization. From political aspect, study found that politics influence on the reward power. In other word if the leader wants to give someone reward, politics can influence it from both positive and negative aspects. So, that would affect the overall performance of an individual from both aspects. On the other hand reward power can be a positive aspect of getting good performance and control of the employees in organization. So, one can see both positive and negative elements in such type of power. Coercive power: Authorities exercising the power of punishing individuals, firing them, and maintaining discipline and spreading the feelings of fear inside the organization, the leaders mostly delivered the massage of what their superior wants to do (transactional leadership). Politics may contribute in the form of other employees can get the massage what their superior wanted to do. Coercive power can be seen as negative in organizational culture, for example other employees may not be put their best in achieving the strategic goals and can turn hostile against the management which would influence on the management of performance and control of the individual and organization. In addition most of the critics seen it as a threat to employee well being. Using positive politics in such kind of power may give a massage to the employees to do what they asked to do. According to Hofstade, pp 42-63, (1980), culture does have high power distance and high uncertainty avoidance in some nations (i.e., Pakist an) has a significant influence on the performance and control of the organization or country. So to use some sort of coerciveness might be beneficial for the organizational performance and control. Expert power: This power based on facts or impression, the expertise of a manager to posses particular skills, knowledge and authorities capability of management issues and technique. The person may be given the power to make decisions for others individuals because he has an expertise on the particular subject area. Again it can be taken as positively and negatively influence on the management of performance. It can help others by getting things done on the right place and time but also can make barriers between the individuals and authorities if they take them in coercive manner, (Benfari Buchanan et, al, 2007 pp 51). Referent power: Leaders ability to rally his staff and urge them to cooperate in achieving the organizational goals (transformational leadership), the ability of the leaders to influence on individuals, we can call him as charismatic leader or manager who can influence his personality by his own values and perception in the organization. These leaders are able to move the organization toward the ideal perspective by coordinating the employees and integrating all system components (Cacioppe, pp 336, 2000). This type of power purely considers being positive for organizational culture and performance. Individuals mostly manipulate towards referent power, pure satisfaction prevailing over organizational culture. Legitimate power: Legitimate power is based on an individual formal position in the organization. It also can be known as position power. It is usually based on the compliances of individuals. Political perceptions in organization: Organization politics can be defined as Informal, parochial, typically divisive and illegitimate behaviour that is aimed at displacing legitimate power (Mintzberg, 1983). Organizations mainly consisted of organizational politics. Authorities usually exercising power have the same amount of politics. Working in organization one can see closely the relation of power and politics. It is believe that its a reality in the organizations. According to Prasad, 1993 Politicking is one of the option for those who wish to influence decisions. Its believed that politics inside organization can be exercised for and against the organization. But most of the critics believed that politics mostly disrupt organizational efficiency and effectiveness (kacmar et al., 1999). Also it consuming time, restricting information and making communication difficulties (Eisenhard and Bourgeois, 1988). It also creating the environment stressful, decreasing job satisfaction and making high level of employees turn ov er. Political behaviour needed to be considered more effectively and individuals have to be understood the causes and effects of politics in organization and its performance. Leadership may influence positively with powerful politics to reduce the level of high uncertainty, conflicts, building coalition with other, reducing the communication barriers between the employees and the managers or leaders, implementing strategic change and policies. Those who are in opposition can be tackling down on powerful politics, also handling trade unions or employees unions in the work place, etc. Politics can influence positively on organization and individuals performance and control. But most of the employees understand the philosophy of political behaviour in organization as a negative aspect of work life assuming that it is a self- serving aspect of getting promotion and personal objectives. Such behaviour can be identified as, hierarchical, associated with the influencing bad attitudes, destroying or abusing power and were not seen to be responsible towards organizational goals and interest of the employees. (Vigoda Poon, pp 138-155, 2003). In such political behaviour, individuals trying to surpass other in order to get more information and to get more power. Several factors are influencing on the political behaviour of an organization performance and can be known as personnel situational. Personal factors including demographic factors, individuals characteristics, attitudes, needs and values and Situational factors like job autonomy, job variety and on the organization al level such as centralization and formulization (Poon pp 138-155, 2003). Formal situational perception of organizational politics: Job ambiguity: In job ambiguity situations, individuals are mostly unclear about their job role, not clear about their objectives or goal and what can they do to get rewarded. Most of the employees trying to secure their jobs and their personnel interests using political resources and can turn them in defensive political behaviour (Ashforth and Lee, 1990). Scarcity of resources: In the situation of pay rise, promotion opportunities etc individual compete for such resources May using politics to get promotion and to get career opportunities and developments and get positively relation to political behaviour. Trust climate: According to Das and Teng, pp 251-283, (2001), Trust is subjective state of positive expectations regarding another persons good-well and can exist at the personal, organizational, inter-organizational and international levels. Working climate of trust can motivate individuals positively and can be influence on the political behaviour of an organization. On the other hand it can reduce employee performance if there is lack of trust climate in organization. Job satisfactions: The work environment, where individuals feel satisfaction and security of their jobs, According to Lock, 1973 and Poon, 2003, job satisfaction is a positive emotional state that arise when people appraised their jobs or job experience. The level of decrease in job satisfaction can be seen in organization with higher political behaviour. Decision and policies based on higher political environment can create job stress as well. Employees turn over intention: Turnover of employee can be discussed from two aspects psychological and physical usually caused when the organization are high politicking, most of the employee give up their struggles towards the job targets mentally and physically in a work life based on political environment,( Kacmar, 1999). The listed below diagram can evaluate about the political perception in organization clearly. Figure 2. Perceptions of Organizational Politics (Source: Poon, 2003) Conclusion: Armstrong, P-A Baron, A., Performance management: An Overview, Feb 2009: Charted Institute Of Professional Studies. Vigoda-Gadot., E: Leadership Style, Organizational Politics, And Employees Performance, 2007. Vol. No 5, 2007. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Bratton. J Gold, J. Human Resource Management, Theory And Practice. 4rth Edition, 2007: Published By Palgrave Macmillan New York. Chapter (8). Kacmar, K.M., Bozen, D.P., Carlson, D.S And Anthony, W.P (1999), An Examination Of The Perception Of Organizational Politics Model: Replication And Extension, Human Relations, Vol.52, pp.383- 416. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Poon., M.L, June, Situational Antecedent And Outcomes Of Organizational Politics Perceptions: Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol, 18 No.2, 2003 , Emerald Publication. Buchanan. D Budham., R: Power Politics And Organizational Change: Winning the Turf Game: 1st Edition 1999, Sage Publication LTD, London. Cole, G. 1997. Strategic Management. 2nd Ed. London: Thomson Learning. Watson, G., Gallagher, K., 2005. Managing for Results. 2nd Ed. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, London. Huczynski., A, Buchanan., D: Organizational Behaviour, Sixth Edition., 2007, Part six, Chapter 24, Pearson education limited. http://managementconsultingcourses.com/Lesson30PowerOrganizationalPolitics.pdf access Managing human behavior in public nonprofit organizations ÂÂ  By Robert B. Denhardt, Janet Vinzant Denhardt, Maria Pilar Aristigueta Hofstede, G. 1980. Motivation, Leadership, and Organization: Do American theories apply abroad? Organization dynamics AMACOM Journal. 1(1), pp 42 63 Das, T.K. and Teng, B.S. (2001), Trust, control, and risk in strategic alliances: an integrated framework, Organization Studies, Vol. 22, pp. 251-83. Mintzberg, H. (1983), Power In and Around Organizations, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Kacmar, K.M. and Ferris, G.R. (1991), Perceptions of organizational politics scale (POPS): development and construct validation, Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 51, pp. 193-205.

Voltaire Exposes the Fallacy of Optimism in Candide Essay -- Optimism

Voltaire was the French author of the novella Candide, also known as "Optimism" (Durant and Durant 724). Famous as a playwright and essayist, Voltaire’s Candide is the book where he tries to point out the fallacy of Gottfried William von Leibniz's theory of Optimism. He uses satire, and techniques of exaggeration to contrast highlight the evil and brutality of war and the world in general when men are meekly accepting of their fate. Leibniz, a German philosopher and mathematician of Voltaire's time, developed the idea that the world they were living in at that time was "the best of all possible worlds." This systematic optimism shown by Leibniz is the philosophical system that believed everything already was for the best, no matter how terrible it seemed. In this satire, Voltaire also used contrast in the personalities of the characters to convey the message that Leibniz's philosophy should not be dealt with any seriousness. Leibniz, sometimes regarded as a Stoic or Fatalist because his philosophies were based on the idea that everything in the world was determined by fate, theorized that God, having the ability to pick from an infinite number of worlds, chose this world, "the best of all possible worlds." Although Voltaire chose that simple quality of Leibniz's philosophy to satirize, Leibniz meant a little more than just that. Even though his philosophy stated that God chose "the best of all possible worlds," he also meant that God, being the perfection he is, chose the best world available to him, unfortunately it was a world containing evil. It seems as though Voltaire wanted to ridicule Leibniz's philosophy so much that he chose to satirize only the literal meaning and fatal acceptance of evil of Leibniz's philosophy. ... ...ell. When Candide is reunited with both he realizes that he was right not to lose hope. In essence, it was Candide's optimism that keeps him from a state of total dejection, maintaining his sanity during troubled times. Candide eventually achieves happiness with his friends in their simple, yet full, lives. The book's ending affirms Voltaire's moral that one must work to attain satisfaction. Work helps Candide overcome his tragedies and enables him to live peacefully and in contentment. The message of Candide is: "Don't rationalize, but work; Don't utopianize, but improve. We must cultivate our own garden, for no one is going to do it for us" (Richter 161). Works Cited Bottiglia, William. "Candide's Garden." Voltaire: A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Richter, Peyton. Voltaire. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1980.

European Economic and Monetary Union Essay -- essays papers

European Economic and Monetary Union The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is a single currency area within the European Union in which people, goods, services and capital move without restriction (Europa Quest (1), 2001). Imperative to the success of the EMU is the implementation of a single European currency, the Euro, and the application of specific macro-economic policies by the EMU member states (Harris, 1999: 78). Moreover, it is the foreseeable intent of European governments to create a framework for stability, peace and prosperity through the promotion of structural change and regional development (JP Morgan, 2001). This essay will endeavor to highlight the fundamental gains likely to be accrued by the European business community as a result of EMU policy provisions. The developments and circumstances preceding the EMU formation will be examined to give insight into the functioning of a monetary union. Furthermore, it is essential to analyze the implications the EMU has for firms within both ‘Euroland†™ and other European nations. To establish a strong understanding of the intricacies of the EMU, it is essential to discuss both the antecedents and major developments in this monetary union. The origins of the EMU can be traced to the formation of the European Coal and Steel community (ECSC) in the early 1950s, which was the first attempt to harness European economic unity to achieve greater international competitiveness (Per Jacobson, 1999) (Duisenberg, 1998). The success of this venture prompted the foreign ministers of six ECSC nations to examine the possibility of further economic integration (Chulalongkorn University, 1999). Hence, in 1957 one the most significant agreements in European economics history, The Treaty of Rome, was signed. The Treaty of Rome’s fundamental goal was to provide for the creation of a common market (Kenwood & Lougheed, 1999:280). The most significant aspect of this treaty was the commitment made by such countries as Belgium, France, West Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and Luxembourg to facilitate the free movement of goods, services and factors of production. Essentially, these European governments sought to eliminate internal trade barriers, create common external tariffs and harmonies member states laws and regulations (Hill, 2001: 233). This movement towards a common European market continued with relative success ... ...gheed, 1999. The Growth of the International Economy: 1820-2000. Routledge Press: London. ï‚ · Martin, Peter, 1997. EMU’s New Horizon. www.stern.nyu.edu/nroubini/EMU/. Visited Mach 2001. ï‚ · Preston Robert, 1997. Note of Confusion on Single Currency. www.princetoneconomics.com. Visited April 2001. ï‚ · Princeton Economics, 1998. Country Analysis: United Kingdom. www.princetoneconomics.com . Visted April 2001. ï‚ · Roubini, Nouriel, 1997. Notes on Europe, the Euro and EMU. www.stern.nyu.edu/nroubini/EMU . Visited April 2001. ï‚ · Salmon, Pierre, 2000. Decentralisation and Supernationality: The Case of the EU. www.imf.org. Visited April 2001. ï‚ · Salvatore, Dominick, 1998. International Economics (Sixth Edition). Prentice Hall: New Jersey. ï‚ · Solomon, Robert, 1999. International Effects of the Euro. www.brook.edu/comm/policybriefs/ . Visited March 2001. ï‚ · Soltwedel, Rudiger, Dohse Dirk & Krieger-Boden, Christianne. 2000. European Labour Markets and the EMU Challenges Ahead. www.imf.org . Visited April 2001. ï‚ · Tett, Gillian, 1996. The Single Currency: Everything you wanted to know? . www.stern.nyu.edu/nroubini/EMU . Visited April 2001.

The Jewish Partisans of The Holocaust Essay -- Nazi, Jewish

Resistance during the Holocaust, both Jewish and non-Jewish, is a daunting task to cover. Information abounds in relation to this which leads to the problem of putting all of it into one paper. Due to this, I will only cover the specifically Jewish Partisan fighters. The movements are divided into two groups of Eastern and Western Fighters. Partisans fought in almost every European country including but not limited to Belgium, Poland, Russia, France, Italy, Greece, and Lithuania. â€Å"A partisan is a member of an organized body of fighters who attack or harass an enemy, especially within occupied territory; a guerrilla.† The Jewish partisans were mostly teenagers, both male and female, of which ten percent were women, but also included all ages, which either formed their own organizations or joined Soviet, Polish, French, or other major partisan groups. There were between 20,000 and 30,000 Jews who joined partisan groups. They were mostly normal people who were lucky enough to have escaped German camps, ghettos, transports, or who were never captured in the first place. The role of the women was usually to cook in the camps, smuggle weapons and ammunition, and serve as doctors and nurses, and other infrastructure roles. However, some did join in combat situations and some were even employed as scouts for the partisan units. The Jewish partisans lacked weapons, shelter, and other essentials, so they were forced to steal what they needed and usually hid out in the forests and mountains. Any outside help in the East was supplied via airdrops from Moscow, and in the West it was via British airdrops. What they lacked in resources, they made up for in organization and efficiency. They were tied in with major underground communicatio... ...abotage ." http://www.untilourlastbreath.com. Michael Bart. St. Martin's Press, 2008. Web. 14 Mar. 2012. . "Jewish Partisans." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. USHMM, Web. 26 Feb. 2012. . "Jewish Partisans." Wikipedia. MediaWiki version 1.18wmf1. Wikimedia Foundation Inc., 11 January 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. . "Resistance During The Holocaust." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. USHMM, Web. 26 Feb. 2012. . "What is a Jewish Partisan?." Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation. Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation, 2006. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. .

Berlin Wall Essay

The Berlin wall caused much strife during its existence. It started with the conflict between the USSR and the Allies and quickly escalated from there. The long years it stood were full of separation and conflict. The story of the Berlin wall is not one easily forgotten. During WWII the Soviet army captured the German city of Berlin. The U.S., Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union all occupied a sector of Berlin. The United States, Britain, and France occupied sectors in West German and Berlin while the Soviet Union occupied the East. Because of this, when the Cold War started, East and West Berlin were divided both in opinion and territory. The Soviets were communist and the leaders of West Germany were determined that all of Germany should be communistic. The Soviets tried to force the Western powers to give up their control over their three sectors. After their attempts to convince them to give up their control failed, the Soviet side cut West Berlin, which was isolated in the middle of East Germany, from all land and air travel. West Berlin was frozen and starving, but they refused to give in. The Western Allies started what is commonly known as the Berlin Airlift. Great amounts of food and supplies were dropped by plane. West Berlin was not given up by the Allies. East Germany however, did give up the blockade of West Berlin after a year. They determined that something else must be done. East Berlin lost many people to West Berlin. It was said approximately two and a half million people escaped the communistic East Germany simply by crossing the border from East Berlin into the West. A common method of this escape was by subway. At one station they believed that one out of every three people leaving the station was actually an escaping citizen of East Germany. East Germany was rapidly losing its much needed work force. Walter Ulbricht was the man most blamed for the building of the Berlin Wall. In public, he denied all rumors of even the consideration of cutting off the border routes. The denial of the idea of closing the border was a plan to keep the flow of people escaping from increasing before the wall was built. Ulbricht believed that people would desperately flee as soon as they heard of the plans for the wall. On a Saturday night in 1961, the wall was hastily built. Since it was the weekend, the unsuspecting people were vacationing after their week of long work and did not notice the hidden rolls of barbwire and timber slashed away where the wall was to be built. People whose houses stood where the separation was were no longer allowed to use their Western doors. Many used the windows to escape but others were caught by the East police or lost their lives in the process. By the end of the first couple weeks, the windows and doors were sealed off with bricks. The Berlin was more than a sliver of grey concrete. It was watchtowers, guards, guns, barbed wire, and even mines. As determined as many East Berliners were to cross to freedom, they had to risk so much in the process. For many, the risk led to their deaths. The wall was disapproved of by many of the citizens. Because of the sudden construction, many families were instantly separated. The dangers sometimes outweighed the thought of unification. Wanting to at the very least see their loved ones, platforms were built on the West side of the wall and families would find some comfort in mere glimpses of their loved ones. Another negativity of the wall was the sheer conflict of beliefs. Some who did not share the opinions of Germany were quickly forced in a problematic situation. They couldn’t escape from the strict rules of communism. The wall had clearly put them on the wrong side. Family and beliefs were not the only things the wall separated. Though not physically, the Berlin wall drew a line right through Germany. You were either East German or you were West German. There were no in between grey sections. People had to choose sides or their side was chosen for them. Of course, through all this, France, Britain, and the United States stood beside their West German sectors. Tension of the cold was thick. Many showed what side they were on by simply choosing to support East or West Germany. Those who supported the East were Communistic. Those who supported West Germany were supporters of democracy of freedom. The problems within East Germany became more and more obvious as time went on. The most obvious problem was the existence of the wall itself. Many died from the wall and it wasn’t just the start. The problems of East Germany were from social to economic. At first, it was very possible to make it across the wall. People would break through with trucks, dig tunnels, fight their way across, sneak across during construction, forge papers, and all manner of escape. People didn’t let the risk of death keep them from their freedoms and families. Not everyone was lucky enough to make it across. One example of misfortune was a pair of young men who determined to sneak across a weak part of the wall. The first made it successfully across, but his friend did not. Shot by the guards, the young man lay injured and bleeding at the wall. Still on the East side, people from the West could not retrieve the dying young man. The guards waited for him to bleed out before disposing of his body. His screams and cries for help haunted and outraged the people. Fearing a future uprising, the guards were commanded to move bodies and dying individuals out of sight so the people wouldn’t be quite as disturbed by their deaths. After many made it across the Berlin wall, it was decided to reinforce the wall. This reinforcement crushed many people’s hope of ever crossing and killed many of those that retained their hope. The wall at first had been simply a tall concrete wall with armed watchtowers, searchlights, and barbed wire. The reinforcement included a higher fence with a column of concrete that was seemingly impossible to grip, extra fences, tripwires connected to automatic machine guns, and a seemingly hopeless run to safety. Forged papers at the gates were the most likely means of escape after the reinforcement. In East Germany, the work hours were long, the opportunities were few, the tension was high, and the rules were strict. Music was censored and lives were limited. East Germans created a distinct culture because they had to avoid breaking so many rules. You watched what you said and who you were with. Rules in East Germany were not taken lightly because the people never knew when they were being watched. The neighbors, their best friend, their lover, or even their mother could’ve been one of them; one of the agents for Germany’s secret police, that is. The secret police were called Stasi. Anyone could be suspected of being part of the Stasi, since the Stasi used anyone they could. The Stasi was a huge network of agents who watched over East Germany. They had their eyes on over one-third of the population. The Stasi spied on, arrested, and manipulated countless people. They picked up on plans of escape, wormed their way into possible rebellion for information, and even kept records of their target’s lives in incredible detail. Along with the suspicious activity they stored in the files pertaining to the lives of their targets, they included elaborate plans for their victims. These plans interfered with lives, ruined marriages, kept certain kids from getting into universities, and even destroyed futures. They didn’t stand for any possible uprising. They snuffed out any spark that could lead to anything contradictory to East Germany’s policies. Pollution was a major problem in East Germany. Their pollution was actually so great that it actually caused diseases not seen since Victorian ages. The diseases killed many of the people. People started environmental programs to try and do something about the pollution and stop the tragedy of diseases. A bit of freedom was the beginning of change and the start of hope in East Germany. The rules were loosened on churches across the land. Slowly but surely the church became the centers of protest across the land. People came to meetings with the accepted excuse of praying for the country or involvement at environmental programs at the church. The church quietly became the center of reformists. Because of the hope sprouted by the reformist church meetings, a protest of seventy-thousand people occurred openly in East Germany. The world watched in tense concern. Many feared that East German officials would use the â€Å"China option† where they would simply massacre the protestors like what had recently occurred in China. The world was shocked when there seemed to be no immediate consequences for the massive protest. The opening of the Berlin wall was a great event and actually an accident. After many years of separation and conflict, one man’s misunderstood words caused the great event. While an East German bureaucrat, Gà ¼nter Schabowski, was at a press conference on November 9th, 1989, his uncertain answer to a simple question was misunderstood. The misunderstanding was that travel restrictions were being lifted and effective immediately. People flooded to the gates of the wall demanding access they believed was granted by one man who simply misspoke. These people could not be turned away though what Schabowski had said was far greater than what the authorities had intended to do. For hours, the gates remained closed and the guards were hammered by questions and demands from the eager citizens. The guards tried to get an order from the higher ups, but at the time the whole system of authority was in chaos and disorder. No one seemed to know what to do. Finally, at about 11:30 that night, after countless meetings and useless phone calls, the order went out to open the gates. This order was given by Lieutenant-Colonel Harald Jà ¤ger, the senior officer in charge at the Bornholmer Strasse border crossing. When he gave the order, people flooded through the gates and climbed the walls. Harald Jà ¤ger later gave his report of what had occurred that night. It was apparent to all of the guards that something was amiss and that people would soon show up trying to pass through the gates as they watched the press conference. They were all surprised at the words spoken at the press conference but did not understand the enormity of the consequences that were to come. He said, â€Å"All I thought was: Now you’ve got to find out whether they’re allowed to travel immediately or not.† He called his higher up to ask, but it was apparent that he was just as surprised and simply ordered him not to let anyone through. Harald apparently held countless meetings with his officers all that afternoon. Everyone demanded that he tell them what to do. Fearing the consequences of letting them through and wanting to know if the men would support his decision, he had asked if they should open fire on the people. When the guards objected he knew what he must do. The people were bound to get hurt in a scuffle if he waited too long so he reached his decision. â€Å"†¦ I gave my people the order: Open the barrier!† The destruction of the wall was almost immediate. The world watched in awe as the socialistic experiment on East Germany quickly crumbled as the East and West citizens of Germany united in joy and merriment. The opening of the wall was well received by the West. That very night, they made their way over the wall to join and rejoice with their Eastern brethren. Even the Chancellor of West Germany called the current President of the U.S., George H. W. Bush, and ecstatically relayed the events of the night. They knew Germany would never be the same. Despite all the official government problems with the occasion of the wall falling, the East and West strove to be together again. After forty years of that cursed wall, the people finally had their chance to tear it down. They gladly took that chance. The people of the White House shared the Chancellor’s enthusiasm and encouraged the President to go to Germany. The President refused to take any credit in the happening, â€Å"This is the German moment.† The people of Germany jumped at their chance to seize freedom and unity. They feared they would lose the opportunity as abruptly as it came. Germans wanted freedom to decide their own fate. They wanted the freedom to see their loved ones and choose who they wanted to lead them. They wanted to be a whole nation again. As joyous as the world was at the fall of the wall, many feared what was to come. How would the world take it? What would it lead to? How was the Soviet Union going to handle this? The very symbol of socialism had fallen by the hand of its own people. Was this reunion of sides going to be allowed? Or would there be a violent backlash? Leaders and the world watched anxiously. There were so many consequences that could occur, but everyone simply wondered whether they would be positive or negative. Mikhail Gorbachev was a name well known among the USSR. He was the man who was trying to reform the Soviet Union from the inside. He was trying to make a stronger, greater Soviet Union, but even his supporters in the Soviet began to think he had taken it too far with the opening of the wall. It had never been his intention to open the wall, but it had happened on his watch. Everyone feared that this would somehow end up in violence. A man by the name of Helmut Kohl, the Chancellor of Germany, saw this even at the opportunity to reunite Germany. Many called his idea premature and the very idea made people uneasy. The concept of having a reunified strong Germany struck concern into Germany’s neighbors and nations around the world and Europe. People feared another German attack and the change that could take place. As much as the concept of reunification was feared, it turned out that it was actually out of the European leaders’ hands and in the people’s. The people of Germany started the ball rolling on the reunification of Germany. Within the first day of the fall of the wall, over one million East Germans made their way to West Berlin and within the first week over nine million had done the same. It was almost a large party. The mood was full of celebration. They were even given a welcome gift as they came. People went to shop and to drink and simply enjoy the fact that they were now on the other side of the wall and the gates were open. It became extremely obvious to the East Germans that personal freedom meant that they had the option of doing whatever they desired to do. They could lose their job, try to find a new one, follow their dreams, and they all had to change. The economy of East Germany couldn’t avoid a drastic change. It was unstable, but the Germans determined that they were going to do what they wanted. Though it was roughly known that the German Chancellor Helmut Kohl desired a reunified Germany, he had not officially stated any means of doing so. Upon hearing that others were already beginning to discuss their own plans for East and West Germany, the Chancellor felt that he should hold a speech that stated his views and display his plan for reunification. The plan was supposed to take about five to seven years to complete and had been carefully crafted within his group of trusted advisors. Helmut Kohl had not consulted with his allies before holding his bold speech for the entire world to hear. Had he done so, he believed the speech would have never been made. Thought his speech had been a gamble, it was one that paid off. Because of it, he was personally identified with reunification of Germany. The United States decided to fully support Kohl’s plan for reunification. The only problem now lay in convincing the leaders of France and Britain that a reunified Germany would be beneficial to Europe. While world leaders struggled to decide what was to be done and what Germany was to become, the people of Germany had gathered their own to plan their new land. They continued to daily tear down more and more of the ugly wall that had so long separated them. The people didn’t want a Germany that was simply a larger West Germany, but a completely new Germany that took both the best of the West and the East. The people planned on taking this into their own hands and becoming a form of Democracy. The group who were planning such an event was a group called the Round Table. Among one of the first things they strove for was and open election in East Germany, something that hadn’t been done in over sixty years. Of course, not everything would turn out right. One major cause of concern was when the Round Table had received a report that things were turning violent. An angry mob was reported storming the East German secret police’s, the Stasi’s headquarters. They feared that many were about to be lynched, but to their surprise, the mob simply stormed the headquarters and no violence actually seemed to occur. They now found themselves surrounded by mass amounts of information, years of spying and reports written about them. They had overthrown the Stasi. In March of 1990, East Germany held their first election in over sixty years. Many were torn between voting for the conservative West German runners since they had the money to pull them out of their bad economy and the Democratic candidates of the East that had pulled them out of their situation in the first place. As time when on, many began to realize that the people were pushing for materialism over all other things. The feeling of revolution was quickly dying out as they voted for those they believed would grant them prosperity. It was all too obvious that a new Germany was no longer desired. The East simply wanted to be like the West. The majority of the elected officials were rich conservative Westerners and only a handful of reformists. A major problem with the gradual reunification was the horrid, polluted economical state of East Germany. It dawned on many Westerners that they would have to pay a lot of the price for the East German pollution problems. It was estimated that as the lifelong security of jobs guaranteed by the strict East Germany was destroyed that almost every two out of three jobs were lost by East Germans. They abruptly had to face the reality of joblessness and strive to succeed in other places. Despite the hardships, Germany was indeed being unified. One of the symbols of reunification was when the leaders of France, Germany, the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union gathered to watch the removal of checkpoint Charlie, one of the focal points of the Cold War. The Soviets were facing the reality that their East German socialist empire was quickly meeting its end. The last thing blocking German unification was Soviet permission for Germany to join North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). When this was surprisingly overcome, there was nothing standing in the way. On October 1st, 1990, the four victorious powers formally gave up their rights to Germany. Germany was now free to do as they chose. Less than a year after the fall of the Berlin Wall on October 3rd, 1990, Germany became one nation. Mikhail Gorbachev was forced to resign and blamed for the fall of the Soviet empire who suffered a great loss when Gorbachev chose to give up Germany. Despite this, he believed he had done the right thing in the end. The leaders involved in the reunification of Germany all seemed to stand by their decisions that it was right to let Germany choose who it was going to be. The Cold War had peacefully ended. The people of East Germany were now free and unified. They were free to enjoy music, free to see their families, free to choose their own jobs, free to say what they wanted, and free from fear of the Stasi. East and West Germany ceased to exist, and though there is still a distinction between the people, they grow more and more unified as time passes on. Parts of the wall still stand, but people now simply see it as a reminder of what had been and a way to urge themselves to look to a greater future.

Somali Culture Lifestyle and How It Affects on Housemaids

CHAPTER ONE THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE Background of the Study Describes the prevailing problem situation at the global, national and local levels (broad perspectives to narrow perspectives). Explains what the study is all about. Should arouse the interest of the readers. Statement of the Problem The researcher has to identify the specific problem existing within the specific area of interest which his research will seek to address. The statement should provide the researcher with considerable direction in pursuing the study. Purpose of the Study This refers to the general aim for wanting to carry out the study.The purpose should not be a reproduction of the title, but should be a summary statement of the reason why the study is being proposed. Research Objectives These are finer statements of what is to be accomplished, which emanate from the purpose of the study. They specify more directly what the researcher is going to do. While the purpose is a general statement of the aim of the study, the objectives must be specific. Should state properly and clearly the general and specific objectives that should jive with the research questions. Ideally, the research objectives should be measurable, attainable and feasible.Research Questions The research questions must be stated in question form and in a way that they are synchronized with the research objectives. Hypothesis The research hypothesis is a tentative explanation of the research problem. It is also a tentative answer to the research problem and can be an educated guess about the research outcome. Not all researches need a hypothesis, therefore, if the study is hypothesis free, an ASSUMPTION may take its place. The hypothesis must be stated where it is applicable. Ideally, the hypothesis can be in null or alternative form. Scope This specifies the boundaries of the research.The geographical scope defines the location or site of the study. The theoretical scope defines the issues to be covered; the content sco pe defines the factors and variables to be considered. Significance of the Study This provides the justification of the study. It spells out who the probable beneficiaries of the study findings might be (country, government, local community, agency, curriculum developers, researchers etc. ), and how they might benefit. It also shows how the research findings will contribute to general knowledge and what is its impact on development towards better life .It should reflect on knowledge creation, as well as on technological or socio-economic value to the community. Operational Definitions of Key Terms This gives the definitions of major terms as they are used in the study. Key terms are ideally found in the research title, research instrument and other parts of the study where the terms need to be operationally defined in this section. CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Introduction This gives a short introduction on the coverage of this chapter. Concepts, Ideas, Opinions From Aut hors/ ExpertsThis section deals with the analysis of the literature related to the subject of the study with the objective of seeing the concepts, ideas and opinions of scholars/experts. The review must be focused on the study variables by reviewing literature under the sub-themes which synchronize with the research objectives or questions or hypothesis. It should show relationships identified by previous researchers. When the literature review is so structured it would be easy when discussing the researcher's findings to relate and compare these findings with previous findings in the reviewed literature.The review should identify the gaps existing in literature and specify the ones that the research will focus on. Proper citations/end noting must also be reflected. Theoretical Perspectives This should discuss the theory to which the study is based (one for each independent and dependent variable or combined). One or more theories may need to be discussed in this section if the topi c is a well-researched area with various antecedents before arriving at a theory or synthesis of two or more theories that will serve as the pivot for the study.In some cases where few studies have been undertaken, there may be no theories to draw upon. In such a case, the conceptual framework shall be used. Related Studies This portion discusses past empirical investigations similar to or related to the present study. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY Research Design It is the strategy used in the study. A researcher should be able to identify and isolate the design most appropriate for a study. It could be experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive survey, historical, ex post facto, action research, evaluation research, etc.A researcher should make the form or design of investigation explicit and provide a justification for the choice. He can also indicate if the approach he is adopting is quantitative or qualitative or both. Research Population A population is the complete collection of all the elements that are of interest in a particular investigation. A target population is the population to which the researcher ultimately wants to generalize the results. This target population is the population from which the sample will be drawn. The result can best be generalized to the accessible population.They can, at times be generalized to the target population also, if the two populations are very similar. The sample drawn from the target population become the research subjects (if they are inanimate objects or animals) or the research respondents of the study (if they are humans/individuals who answers the research instrument administered). Relevant characteristics of the subjects or respondents must be stated as well as the inclusion and exclusion criteria in selecting the subjects or respondents identified. Sample Size What size of sample can represent the accessible population?The ideal size varies with the population size. There are laid down rules and tables to assist in determining the size of a representative sample. Researchers are to indicate the population size and the corresponding sample size and quote an authority that supports the sufficiency of the sample size. There are various formula used for sample size calculation depending on the research design. How the sample size is arrived at should be clearly stated. Sampling Procedure The sample should be a representation of the population. In other words most characteristics of the population should be represented in the selected sample.This calls for the use of a suitable sampling strategy. The procedure adopted should ensure that the selected sample represents the population. This should be clearly explained. Research Instrument There are varieties of research instruments or tools that can be used to collect data. Examples include the Questionnaire, Interview Guide, and Observations Checklist. The researcher needs to indicate the research instrument(s) he intends to use. whether r esearcher devised/structured by the researcher or standardized research instrument.The basis for the options/content in a standardized or researcher devised instrument are the aspects discussed in the Review of Related Literature. The researcher should try not to develop his own questions or select a standardized instrument without any basis then. A researcher devised instrument can be pre- tested to 5-10 subjects or respondents not included in the actual study to test its reliability and should also be tested for its validity. If a standardized instrument is to be adopted, the name of the author of the instrument and permission to use must be mentioned in this section.This is to avoid plagiarism and legal suits from the author of the instrument. Whether the instrument is researcher devised or standardized the response modes, scoring and interpretation of scores need to be discussed in this part of the study. Validity and Reliability of the Instrument Data quality control refers to validity and reliability of the instruments. Validity refers to the appropriateness of the instruments while reliability refers to its consistency in measuring whatever it is intended to measure.The researcher needs to describe how he intends to establish the validity and reliability of the research instrument before using them. For purposes of triangulation more than one instrument can be used. Data Gathering Procedures In this part of the study, the collection of data step by step, before, during and after the administration of the research instrument should be described. Data Analysis This section presents how the data generated in the study are to be organized and analyzed. The technique to be used to analyze each group of data should be specified.While thematic analysis can be employed for qualitative data, the use of such statistical techniques as chi-square, correlation, ANOVA etc. are appropriate for quantitative data. Spell out the particular statistical treatment/ techniqu e and formula to use with reference to each research question or type of data set. Ethical Considerations This refers to the moral justification of the investigation. How do you ensure the safety, social and psychological well being of the person and/or community involved in your study?This may involve getting clearance from the ethical body/ethics committee and consent of the respondent (Appendices II and III respectively). Limitations of the Study This considers potential sources of bias/ threats to the validity of the findings in the proposed study. Whatever may limit the validity of the findings constitute limitations. However, they need not prevent the study from being carried out. The confession of the limitations only serves to warn the reader of the amount of trust to place in the findings. The researcher should mention in this study how the limitations were minimized/reduced.CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Start with narrative statements of the data in answer to the specific research questions then a graphic or tabular presentation of the data. Below the tables/graphs, discuss the meaning and practical implications of the findings with consideration on the results of similar studies. Include also the findings of other investigators both in agreement or disagreement with the findings of the study on hand. CHAPTER FIVE FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS Introduce this chapter and its coverage. FINDINGSClearly state in this portion the overall results in answer to the specific research questions. CONCLUSIONS This should state clearly the researcher's stand on the research problem based on all evidences presented. The conclusion/s should be sound, and logical and answers any of these: the main research problem, if the hypothesis is accepted or rejected or if the theory to which the study is based is proven or not. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Should be sound and logical based on the findings of the study. 2. Shortcomings of the stud y are addressed and constructive suggestions given for future research. . Two to three titles of related studies are suggested for the future researchers. REFERENCES This is the list of all works cited in the study. It should be written according to approved format. For uniformity the approved format for KIU is the format of the latest edition of American Psychological Association (APA) Publication Manual. Only cited authors in the study should be given in the reference section. All authors in the reference section should appear in the body of the study. Present the references in alphabetical order. Book on referencing available with the DVC, SPGSR. APPENDIX 1TRANSMITTAL LETTER Attached here is an original copy of the letter/ communication from the School of Postgraduate Studies and Research (SPGSR) through its Director stating the request for the candidate to be given consideration to conduct his/her study as specified. APPENDIX II CLEARANCE FROM ETHICS COMMITTEE A legitimate attac hment is a clearance from the Ethics Committee for the purpose of ensuring the safety, social and psychological well being of the person and community involved in the study. May or may not be there depending on the nature of the study. APPENDIX III INFORMED CONSENTThis is an original copy of the form where the subjects/ respondents sign as proof of approval to be involved in the study. May or may not be there depending on the nature of the study. APPENDIX IV RESEARCH INSTRUMENT A copy of the research instrument must be attached . RESEARCHER'S CURRICULUM VITAE To document the details of the researcher, his competency in writing a research and to recognize his efforts and qualifications, this part of the research report is thus meant. The researcher's bio-data is categorized as follows: Personal Profile Educational Background Work Experience Other Relevant Data Somali Culture Lifestyle and How It Affects on Housemaids CHAPTER ONE THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE Background of the Study Describes the prevailing problem situation at the global, national and local levels (broad perspectives to narrow perspectives). Explains what the study is all about. Should arouse the interest of the readers. Statement of the Problem The researcher has to identify the specific problem existing within the specific area of interest which his research will seek to address. The statement should provide the researcher with considerable direction in pursuing the study. Purpose of the Study This refers to the general aim for wanting to carry out the study.The purpose should not be a reproduction of the title, but should be a summary statement of the reason why the study is being proposed. Research Objectives These are finer statements of what is to be accomplished, which emanate from the purpose of the study. They specify more directly what the researcher is going to do. While the purpose is a general statement of the aim of the study, the objectives must be specific. Should state properly and clearly the general and specific objectives that should jive with the research questions. Ideally, the research objectives should be measurable, attainable and feasible.Research Questions The research questions must be stated in question form and in a way that they are synchronized with the research objectives. Hypothesis The research hypothesis is a tentative explanation of the research problem. It is also a tentative answer to the research problem and can be an educated guess about the research outcome. Not all researches need a hypothesis, therefore, if the study is hypothesis free, an ASSUMPTION may take its place. The hypothesis must be stated where it is applicable. Ideally, the hypothesis can be in null or alternative form. Scope This specifies the boundaries of the research.The geographical scope defines the location or site of the study. The theoretical scope defines the issues to be covered; the content sco pe defines the factors and variables to be considered. Significance of the Study This provides the justification of the study. It spells out who the probable beneficiaries of the study findings might be (country, government, local community, agency, curriculum developers, researchers etc. ), and how they might benefit. It also shows how the research findings will contribute to general knowledge and what is its impact on development towards better life .It should reflect on knowledge creation, as well as on technological or socio-economic value to the community. Operational Definitions of Key Terms This gives the definitions of major terms as they are used in the study. Key terms are ideally found in the research title, research instrument and other parts of the study where the terms need to be operationally defined in this section. CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Introduction This gives a short introduction on the coverage of this chapter. Concepts, Ideas, Opinions From Aut hors/ ExpertsThis section deals with the analysis of the literature related to the subject of the study with the objective of seeing the concepts, ideas and opinions of scholars/experts. The review must be focused on the study variables by reviewing literature under the sub-themes which synchronize with the research objectives or questions or hypothesis. It should show relationships identified by previous researchers. When the literature review is so structured it would be easy when discussing the researcher's findings to relate and compare these findings with previous findings in the reviewed literature.The review should identify the gaps existing in literature and specify the ones that the research will focus on. Proper citations/end noting must also be reflected. Theoretical Perspectives This should discuss the theory to which the study is based (one for each independent and dependent variable or combined). One or more theories may need to be discussed in this section if the topi c is a well-researched area with various antecedents before arriving at a theory or synthesis of two or more theories that will serve as the pivot for the study.In some cases where few studies have been undertaken, there may be no theories to draw upon. In such a case, the conceptual framework shall be used. Related Studies This portion discusses past empirical investigations similar to or related to the present study. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY Research Design It is the strategy used in the study. A researcher should be able to identify and isolate the design most appropriate for a study. It could be experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive survey, historical, ex post facto, action research, evaluation research, etc.A researcher should make the form or design of investigation explicit and provide a justification for the choice. He can also indicate if the approach he is adopting is quantitative or qualitative or both. Research Population A population is the complete collection of all the elements that are of interest in a particular investigation. A target population is the population to which the researcher ultimately wants to generalize the results. This target population is the population from which the sample will be drawn. The result can best be generalized to the accessible population.They can, at times be generalized to the target population also, if the two populations are very similar. The sample drawn from the target population become the research subjects (if they are inanimate objects or animals) or the research respondents of the study (if they are humans/individuals who answers the research instrument administered). Relevant characteristics of the subjects or respondents must be stated as well as the inclusion and exclusion criteria in selecting the subjects or respondents identified. Sample Size What size of sample can represent the accessible population?The ideal size varies with the population size. There are laid down rules and tables to assist in determining the size of a representative sample. Researchers are to indicate the population size and the corresponding sample size and quote an authority that supports the sufficiency of the sample size. There are various formula used for sample size calculation depending on the research design. How the sample size is arrived at should be clearly stated. Sampling Procedure The sample should be a representation of the population. In other words most characteristics of the population should be represented in the selected sample.This calls for the use of a suitable sampling strategy. The procedure adopted should ensure that the selected sample represents the population. This should be clearly explained. Research Instrument There are varieties of research instruments or tools that can be used to collect data. Examples include the Questionnaire, Interview Guide, and Observations Checklist. The researcher needs to indicate the research instrument(s) he intends to use. whether r esearcher devised/structured by the researcher or standardized research instrument.The basis for the options/content in a standardized or researcher devised instrument are the aspects discussed in the Review of Related Literature. The researcher should try not to develop his own questions or select a standardized instrument without any basis then. A researcher devised instrument can be pre- tested to 5-10 subjects or respondents not included in the actual study to test its reliability and should also be tested for its validity. If a standardized instrument is to be adopted, the name of the author of the instrument and permission to use must be mentioned in this section.This is to avoid plagiarism and legal suits from the author of the instrument. Whether the instrument is researcher devised or standardized the response modes, scoring and interpretation of scores need to be discussed in this part of the study. Validity and Reliability of the Instrument Data quality control refers to validity and reliability of the instruments. Validity refers to the appropriateness of the instruments while reliability refers to its consistency in measuring whatever it is intended to measure.The researcher needs to describe how he intends to establish the validity and reliability of the research instrument before using them. For purposes of triangulation more than one instrument can be used. Data Gathering Procedures In this part of the study, the collection of data step by step, before, during and after the administration of the research instrument should be described. Data Analysis This section presents how the data generated in the study are to be organized and analyzed. The technique to be used to analyze each group of data should be specified.While thematic analysis can be employed for qualitative data, the use of such statistical techniques as chi-square, correlation, ANOVA etc. are appropriate for quantitative data. Spell out the particular statistical treatment/ techniqu e and formula to use with reference to each research question or type of data set. Ethical Considerations This refers to the moral justification of the investigation. How do you ensure the safety, social and psychological well being of the person and/or community involved in your study?This may involve getting clearance from the ethical body/ethics committee and consent of the respondent (Appendices II and III respectively). Limitations of the Study This considers potential sources of bias/ threats to the validity of the findings in the proposed study. Whatever may limit the validity of the findings constitute limitations. However, they need not prevent the study from being carried out. The confession of the limitations only serves to warn the reader of the amount of trust to place in the findings. The researcher should mention in this study how the limitations were minimized/reduced.CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Start with narrative statements of the data in answer to the specific research questions then a graphic or tabular presentation of the data. Below the tables/graphs, discuss the meaning and practical implications of the findings with consideration on the results of similar studies. Include also the findings of other investigators both in agreement or disagreement with the findings of the study on hand. CHAPTER FIVE FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS Introduce this chapter and its coverage. FINDINGSClearly state in this portion the overall results in answer to the specific research questions. CONCLUSIONS This should state clearly the researcher's stand on the research problem based on all evidences presented. The conclusion/s should be sound, and logical and answers any of these: the main research problem, if the hypothesis is accepted or rejected or if the theory to which the study is based is proven or not. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Should be sound and logical based on the findings of the study. 2. Shortcomings of the stud y are addressed and constructive suggestions given for future research. . Two to three titles of related studies are suggested for the future researchers. REFERENCES This is the list of all works cited in the study. It should be written according to approved format. For uniformity the approved format for KIU is the format of the latest edition of American Psychological Association (APA) Publication Manual. Only cited authors in the study should be given in the reference section. All authors in the reference section should appear in the body of the study. Present the references in alphabetical order. Book on referencing available with the DVC, SPGSR. APPENDIX 1TRANSMITTAL LETTER Attached here is an original copy of the letter/ communication from the School of Postgraduate Studies and Research (SPGSR) through its Director stating the request for the candidate to be given consideration to conduct his/her study as specified. APPENDIX II CLEARANCE FROM ETHICS COMMITTEE A legitimate attac hment is a clearance from the Ethics Committee for the purpose of ensuring the safety, social and psychological well being of the person and community involved in the study. May or may not be there depending on the nature of the study. APPENDIX III INFORMED CONSENTThis is an original copy of the form where the subjects/ respondents sign as proof of approval to be involved in the study. May or may not be there depending on the nature of the study. APPENDIX IV RESEARCH INSTRUMENT A copy of the research instrument must be attached . RESEARCHER'S CURRICULUM VITAE To document the details of the researcher, his competency in writing a research and to recognize his efforts and qualifications, this part of the research report is thus meant. The researcher's bio-data is categorized as follows: Personal Profile Educational Background Work Experience Other Relevant Data