Global Tourism and Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Tourism and Sustainability - Essay Example The stakeholders who are involved in the entire phenomenon of sustainable tourism are the governments of the countries, the NGOs, the tourists, the native people and their communities. Sustainable Tourism is most popular in the third world countries, where this would lead to the economic development and intellectual cum social progress for the nation while retaining their original culture and heritage. The main strategies of development that most of the third world nations undertake is to establish tourism in their countries at the international level (Theobald, 2005, pp. 352-408). This would lead to economic development in forms of employment generation, growth of the micro, small and medium scale enterprises as well as rise in the inflow of foreign exchange in the country. The development of eco friendly locations and coastal tourism have ensured that there is no harm caused to the environment and the problems of climatic imbalances and global warming are minimised through such efforts (Mcleod, 2004, pp.

Contract law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Contract law - Essay Example However, the restaurant is concerned about the underlying liabilities in the event that clients collide with the skating waiters and waitresses. Another point of concern regards loss of client property whilst at the restaurant’s premises. Following these two concerns, two exclusion clauses could be drafted for the purpose of limiting or excluding altogether the restaurant’s liability under the two aforementioned circumstances. It is fundamental to ensure that the restaurant’s business aspect is not adversely affected by the move. The Caddy Shack restaurant enters into business-client contracts with its clients. It is in the best interest of the restaurant to maintain functional relations with its clientele, even as it strives to reduce potential liabilities under the two circumstances of concern. The exclusion clauses that Caddy Shack restaurant needs will ultimately impose restrictions to its clients. It is also important to highlight that the move is likely to be seen as one that favours Caddy Shack’s business welfare, while reducing its potential liability obligations to the clients. In this respect, these two issues must be provided for and balanced in the drafted exclusion clauses. First exclusion clause: Caddy Shack will not be held liable for any losses or injuries that arise as a result of violation of the rules and regulations within the Caddy Shack restaurant’s premises. Clients are urged and reminded to strictly use the designated client sidewalks to avoid collision with the roller skating waiters and waitresses. The system is clearly marked to ensure that both clients and staff strictly remain in their respective right areas. Eventualities emerging from failure to abide to the set rules and regulations, and the skating system requirements shall not hold Caddy Shack responsible. Moreover, Caddy Shack shall not take responsibility for ignorance and/or negligence arising from

The Areas Of Ecommerce Information Technology Essay

The Areas Of Ecommerce Information Technology Essay Ecommerce is frequently thought just buying and selling through Internet; people immediately think of consumer retail purchases from online companies such as Amazon. But e-commerce involves much more than electronically mediated financial transactions between organizations and customers. E-commerce must be careful as all electronically mediated transactions between an organization and any third party it deals with. By this description, non-financial transactions such as consumer requests for additional information would also be careful to be part of e-commerce (Chaffey, 2002). E-commerce is the swap of information across electronic networks, at any phase in the supply chain, whether inside an organization, between businesses, between businesses and customers, or between the civic and personal sector, whether paid or unpaid (Cabinet Office, 1999). Ecommerce is any business activity that involves the transformation of information through internet. Electronic commerce is exchanging business information, maintaining business relations and conducting business transactions by means of internet and networks (Zwass, 2012). AREAS OF ECOMMERCE Ecommerce is the broad term. Today, e-commerce isnt just reserved for big companies but appealing much anyone can get involved in this (Affilorama, n.d.). It has covered various sectors including health, education tourism etc. some of the main areas where the ecommerce has penetrated are listed bellows: In Education as e-learning In Health as Telemedicine In Travel and tourism: Online Hotel Reservation, Managing trips and vacations. In entertainment: Online movie database, online games, betting sites etc. In Service related areas: E-brokers, E-ticketing etc In Financial sector as E-banking. Beside the above given main areas it also has its impact on various sectors such as E-publishing, Online Auction, Online advertisement etc. TYPES OF ECOMMERCE Ecommerce can be divided into various categories in terms of their properties and type of transaction they perform. Various types of E-commerce are described below: B2B E-commerce Generally, business to business ecommerce is an ecommerce activity performed between the two Business organizations. Here one business collaborate with business partners in real-time and put management of all their processes online from supply chain and purchasing to manufacturing and product development (Btobb2b. 2010.). B2C E-commerce An acronym for business to customer or Business to consumer, a type where a business sells their products and services to the customer directly (Maybray, n.d.). This type of ecommerce is applicable to that business firm who tends to sell their product on internet. Some forms of this type of ecommerce are e-banking, e-ticketing etc. example: Amazon. M-commerce M-commerce referred as mobile commerce is the use of mobiles to perform the business activities. It eventually is B2C commerce but not performed in your PCs or MAC. SUITABILITY OF DIFFERENT PRODUCTS IN ECOMMERCE Some types of products may be more suitable to ecommerce where as some of them may be suitable for the offline market. If we look the trends of some success full ecommerce website like EBay and Amazon, we can find that the digital products such as movies, music, software, games are more sold in this platform. Beside that the products like computer hardware, spares part of automobiles are also sold. But the products which have less value-to-weight, or the product that have smell, taste, and touch components and products that need trail fitting and where color integrity are more essential are less suitable for the ecommerce platform (Ecommerce.insightin, 2004). SCOPE OF ECOMMERCE IN RETAIL SECTOR In January 2011 alone, customers in the UK spent more than  £5 billion shopping online, a rise of  £1 billion on the previous year. With this sharp increase, retailers are falling over themselves to spruce up their web presence and the e-commerce services they offer (Retailchoice, 2011).This growth of ecommerce means that there is a great scope of ecommerce in the retail industry. Referring to the gain acquired by various online competitors, the business firms following the traditional way are also attracted toward the ecommerce platform. This creates huge competition in the online market. STRATEGIES TO BUILD ECOMMERCE WEBSITE There is no doubt in the growing importance of ecommerce website for the retailers. But only creating the website is not sufficient for the business run your business successfully s. Hence for the successful ecommerce business the merchants have to think about various factors that may effects their business. Some main factors to be considered to run business successfully are discussed below. Choice of suitable products. Products are the main part of the ecommerce website. Before creating the website you should make sure that what types of product you are going to integrate in your website. Digital products such as DVDS, Software are more suitable. Similarly, branded an item that doesnt need to be tasted or checked such as branded chocolates, cosmetic item etc. are also suitable. But the product that should be sold within short period and that have a lot smell are not suitable to the ecommerce website. Example: bread, milk etc. vegetables are also not that much suitable for it. An Easy to use shopping cart. The other main things to be considered is the easy to use user interface. Better is the user interface, more costumer are attracted to your platform. Use of more graphics than text is encouraged. Better and secure payment system. Payment and Security is the main thing that a business firm should consider while establishing the ecommerce. There are various options available such as PayPal, Alert pay, Payoneer etc. But among them PayPal is the best option as it is highly recognized, secured and fast. Its alternative may be Alert pay. Fast delivery Delivery of goods to the costumer at a given period of time is one factor that affect the consumer behavior to online shopping. Faster the delivery is of the business, costumers are attracted towards your business. Regular update of your website. Costumers are attracted towards the new items and products daily. The use of same product for a long period of time may change the interpretation of customer towards your site. So, updating of daily new products is important for the business to be successful. Offers and Scheme Offers and Scheme is the best way to attract your costumer towards your business. Providing various types of scheme and offers during the various festivals and occasions is a plus point for the business organization. Certain percentages of discounts on your products are some examples for it. Disadvantages of Ecommerce. Security Security continues to be a trouble for online businesses. Consumers have to sense confident about the honesty of the payment process before they entrust to the purchase. System and Data truth Data security and the fact of the system that handles the data are serious concerns. Computer viruses are out of control, with new viruses discovered each day (GoArticles, 2012). Viruses can cause unnecessary stoppage, backups of file and data, data storage problems, and other difficulties and danger of hackers trying to access files and corrupting records adds more pressure to a earlier complex operation. System Scalability A business develops an interactive boundary with consumers by the use of a website. Finally, statistical analysis verifies whether visitors to the site are recurring customers or not. If the company expects 2 to 6 million shows up, website performance is bound to incident degradation, delay, and ultimately loss of consumers visits (Scribd, 2009).  To stop such problems from occurring, a website must be scalable, or upgradable on a regular routine. E-commerce is not free Till now, achievement stories in e-commerce have enforced large business with profound pockets and good financial sustain. According to Manjeetss (n.d.), small retailers that go head-to-head with e-commerce giants are fighting losing combat. Since in the brick-and-mortar situation, they just cannot battle on price or product offering. Brand trustworthiness is related to issues like this, which is thought to be less significant for online firms. Brands are predicted to lower search costs, maintain and create trust, and correspond quality. A search engine can come up with the best music deals, for example, yet customers continue to flock to trusted entities such as HMV (Sites.google, 2011). Customer Search is not efficient or Cost-effective On the surface, the e-marketplace seems to be a best market, where international sellers and buyers share and trade without intermediaries. However, a closer look signifies that new types of intermediaries are necessary to e-commerce. They include electronic malls that assurance authenticity of transactions. All these intermediaries add to transaction fees (Dart, 2001). Consumer Relations Problems Not a lot of businesses realize that even e-business cannot live on over the long term exclusive of faithful consumers. Products populace wont buy online Imagine a website called furniture.com or living.com, where venture capitalists are investing millions in selling home furnishings online. In the case of a sofa set, consumer would want to sit on it, feel the texture of the fabric etc. next to the sofa test; online furniture stores face a costly come again which makes the product difficult to sell through online (Carolinachair, 2001). Corporate susceptibility The ease of use of product details, catalogs, and other information about a business through its website makes it vulnerable to access by the rivalry. The plan of extracting business intellect from the website is called web framing (Ap-institute, n.d.). High danger of Internet Start-up Many stories unfolded in 1999 about victorious executives in established firms leaving for Internet start-ups, only to find out that their get-rich dream with a dot.com was just that a dream (Albany, 2001). Conclusion Understanding the strategy of e-commerce has became essential while implementing or before implementing e-commerce in industry. Collecting articles, evidences, performing research is the best way to raise ones business. Along with advantages there come disvantages also. So it is very important to develop strategy solutions to overcome the risk arise from implementation of e-commerce.

Part II of Sir Gawain :: Sir Gawain Essays

Text: Part II In this passage of the story.......We find that Sir Gawain is feeling very melancholy and distraught over the events that have shaped the last year of his life. It is the Christmas season, and while most of his comrades at King Arthur's Court are enjoying the warm fires of their castles, he is trudging through the cold mud and muck of an uninviting wilderness. At the end of his journey he ultimately expects to meet certain death at the hands of the immortal Green Knight, and so alone except for his loyal horse Gringolet, Gawain in his hour of need turns to God for divine intervention:Click Here to Hear Gawain "He said his prayer with signs, Lamenting his misdeed; he crosses himself, and cries On Christ in his great need." No sooner has he made the sign of the cross to conclude his petition then before him appears the most wondrous sight. A great castle looms up where a moment before there were only stark mountains and dark mysterious woods. Gawain has never seen such a magnificent structure. In the center of a park more than two miles wide it stood, constructed of stone blocks that shimmered amid bright colored leaves that should not have been in bloom at that time of the year. There was a double moat surrounding immense battlements which had been fortified to withstand an assault from even the fiercest of invaders. Yet with all the barbicans of war there were also delicate spires rising in tiers amid elaborately ornamented gables. So perfect was the image of this estate that it reminded Gawain of "A castle cut for a king's feast". He thanks God and St. Julian the patron saint of hospitality for his redemption from solitude, and approaches the castle over a strange bridge which hangs in the air. On the far side he is met by the most polite of porters. Humbly Gawain asks permission to enter the grounds in order to seek the lord of the castle’s hospitality.

Dark side of technology Essay

The nature of these machines makes it possible for discrimination against ordinary persons. Ordinary persons who may have a predisposition towards certain tendencies could be found out and victimised even though they have yet to commit a crime they have the brain pattern of a criminal. This is the dark side of technology.  More research is needed to determine whether or not there are differences between criminals and ordinary persons. There is room for these tests to be manipulated by either the prosecution or the defence. Which ever team pays for the tests can get the results that they so desire.  Over sensitivity of the machinery needs to be controlled for in the tests in order for their reliability to be increased, and their usefulness enhanced.  More research needs to be done to determine if there are genuine differences between the brains of criminals and ordinary persons.  If the tests are genuinely able to discover differences between criminals and ordinary persons then maybe abnormalities can be controlled for before criminal behaviour is expressed. Deregowski  Depth Cue- Depth cues are (hints, guides, cues) which provide information about the spatial (positioning relative to each other) relationships among objects (three dimensional) in a picture (two dimensional).  Familiar Size- The cue whereby objects, which are further away in the picture, are drawn smaller than objects of the same size which are closer.  Overlap Cue- The effect of a nearer object obscuring parts of a more distant object.  Perspective- This is given by the convergence of lines depicting edges which are parallel in the real world, but which appear to come together as they move into the distance e.g. a railway track. A person using a depth cue will extract a completely different meaning from a picture than will a person who is not using such pictures.  Various drawings of an elephant, an antelope, a person, a tree, a road, some hills and a flying bird were shown.  Empirical Test  The tests are empirical because numeric information was collected. How many persons made different responses e.t.c  These tests involved showing pictures and asking questions.   What do you see?  What is the man doing?  Which is nearer the antelope or the elephant? Methodology The questions were asked in the subjects, native language. This means the results were not affected by confusion resulting from the use of the interviewers language or from translations. They understood exactly what they were being asked.  There was a potential problem with classification. If questions were answered correctly according to western standards it was automatically assumed that they were three dimensional perceivers. This could have impacted upon the results.  The tests may not have been measuring cultural differences as noted but instead, educational and social levels. Evidence for this is provided by persons of better educational and social levels performing better on the tests. Remember children have better access to western culture and education than do adults. Additionally higher educational and social levels provide persons with access to western culture. Deregowski reviewed Hudson’s work and put forward some different opinions. This means the results could have been a consequence of interpretation.  The study includes information from different time periods. The results may have been as a result of this time elapse. For e.g. the info collected from Zambian school children-information was presented from both 1960 and 1972. There culture and circumstances may have changed tremendously during the time elapse.  Adults and children were differentiated. Therefore a comparison could have been made to take into account changes in culture. Note Hudson found that children had higher rates of three dimensional perception than did adults. [note-Deregowski found that both adults and children had difficulties making three dimensional perceptions] Ecological Validity  The Subjects may have been put in artificial categories which were a consequence of the test-three dimensional and two dimensional perceivers.  Persons are not normally required to view pictures under these conditions (circumstances) as existed during the study.  The tests may have been picking up differences in educational and social levels and not culture as was suggested.

Corporal punishment in the home Essay

A 2013 study by Elizabeth Gershoff and her team (cited below) reviewed the previous two decades of research and confirmed that children who are spanked have less gray matter in their brains, and are more likely to exhibit depression, anxiety, drug use, and aggression as they get older. The only positive outcome that’s ever been shown from corporal punishment is immediate compliance; however, corporal punishment is associated with less long-term compliance. Corporal punishment has repeatedly been linked with nine other negative outcomes, including increased rates of aggression, delinquency, mental health problems, and problems in relationships with their parents. Large, peer-reviewed studies repeatedly show that the more children are hit, the more likely they are to hit others, including peers and siblings. As adults, they are more likely to hit their spouses. The more parents spank children for antisocial behavior, the more the antisocial behavior increases. All of the peer reviewed studies being published continue to confirm these findings. A major study at Tulane University, published in Pediatrics  controlled for other factors that have been found to contribute to aggressiveness in children, including the mother’s depression, alcohol and drug use, spousal abuse and even whether the mother considered abortion while pregnant with the child. Spanking remained a strong predictor of violent behavior in the child. As five-year-olds, the children who had been spanked were more likely than the non-spanked to be defiant, demand immediate satisfaction of their wants and needs, become frustrated easily, have temper tantrums and lash out physically against other people or animals. (http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2010/04/12/peds.2009-2678.abstract) Quite simply, spanking produces WORSE behavior, not better behavior. It also begets more violence, because hitting children teaches them that it is acceptable to hit others who are smaller and weaker. â€Å"I’m going to hit you  because you hit your sister† is a hypocrisy not lost on children. As every parent knows, kids do what we do, not what we say. I strongly believe that permissiveness without limits creates children who are unhappy, undisciplined, and impossible to live with. But discipline means â€Å"to teach.† If we’re serious about raising good kids, we need to use methods that teach kids to manage themselves. Spanking does not do that. Instead, it teaches kids to be afraid of us, which is no basis for love. It teaches them to be sneaky so they won’t be caught doing something wrong. It teaches kids that they are bad, so they are more likely to behave badly. It teaches kids to use violence when they want to solve a problem. And it keeps them from taking responsibility to improve their own behavior, because they â€Å"externalize the locus of control,† which means they only behave because an authority figure makes them, rather than behaving because they want to. I haven’t seen any research on this, but my anecdotal report is that if you talk to people in prison, you’ll find they wer e all spanked. The unfortunate thing is that spanking not only doesn’t work, it is totally unnecessary. When children are raised with age-appropriate expectations and limits accompanied by empathy, they tend to behave and cooperate. Those children don’t need much in the way of discipline at all, and they become self-disciplined adults. (Want more info on how to guide your kids without spanking?) What about Proverbs 23 (Do not withhold discipline from a child)? I’m no expert on the Bible, but here are two articles you’ll want to read. Crystal Lutton: http://crystallutton.com/you-keep-using-that-verse-i-do-not-think-it-means-what-you-think-it-means/ Arms of Love Family Fellowship: http://aolff.org/spare-the-rod/proverbs2 So next time you get so angry you want to hit someone, tell your kids you’re taking a timeout and you’ll deal with them later. Then go into the  bathroom, run the water, and calm yourself down. Use the time to get calm, not to justify your anger. When you come out, tell them you need to think hard about what they did, but right now you need to fix dinner (do the laundry, whatever.) Tell them you need them to be little angels, and you will talk when you are all calm later. Then follow through. Your discipline and teaching will be so much more effective. They’ll learn a lot better when they aren’t in the flush of flight or flight hormones. And you will be so grateful to see yourself becoming the kind of parent every child deserves. (For more on this, see For Parents: How to Handle Your Own Anger.)Elizabeth Gershoff is recognized as the leading researcher on spanking in the United States today. Here’s her most recent report: Report on Physical Punishment in the United States: What Research Tells Us About Its Effects On Children. To Spank or Not to Spank? The idea behind parental discipline is to ultimately create self-discipline within your child. That means the kid has to learn something — your value system and the difference between right and wrong — that will guide him or her throughout life. So what do kids learn from being spanked? The hitting itself doesn’t teach them anything. Whether you believe in physical punishment or not, Dr. Phil has some disciplining tips and alternatives to spanking: To Spank or Not to Spank? Read Dr. Phil’s blog and weigh in! †¢Don’t take out your frustrations while spanking. Ask yourself if the spanking is truly warranted because of the child’s behavior, or whether it’s an excuse for you to have an adult temper tantrum? Are you more prone to spank when you are in a bad mood? †¢There needs to be a sense of calmness and order in the house. If you are spanking your kid for being physical and chaotic, aren’t you adding to the  physical chaos by being physical and violent with your child? What are you teaching them? †¢Make a commitment to your child’s discipline. You have to do what you say you’re going to do. Consequences should be highly predictable for your child. †¢Define your child’s currency. What does he/she value? You can withdraw a positive (take away a favorite toy) or introduce a negative (giving a time-out) event — but be consistent. †¢Develop a child-level logic. For example, kids know that you are less likely to discipline them in public, so that’s where they’ll act out. †¢When you have a confrontation with your kid — don’t ever lose! They will miss out on the opportunity to learn an important lesson if you cave in and let them get away with a behavior that is unacceptable. †¢Two things you should NEVER say to your child if you want him/her to behave are: â€Å"I’ll give you something to cry about,† and â€Å"Wait until your father gets home.† Children can see through idle threats and will eventually ignore them. They will also take advantage of the fact that one parent doesn’t want to deal with doling out the discipline and tries to hand it over to the other parent. †¢Negotiate a disciplinary plan with your spouse in calm waters. Calm parents make calm children.

Mestiza Whitening Soap Essay Essays

Mestiza Whitening Soap Essay Essays Mestiza Whitening Soap Essay Paper Mestiza Whitening Soap Essay Paper Whitening Soap have the distinguishable odor and have normally and orangish colour. Papaya besides contains enzyme that will give our tegument more refreshing. Papaya soap contains three chief ingredients ; papaya infusion. papaia juice. and mush. The three ingredients will be combine during the soap fabrication. Vitamins C and A are extremely concentrated in most papaya fruits. along with beta provitamin A and an enzyme called papain. an enzyme that helps digest proteins. The vitamins in papaia are frequently nurturing for the tegument. particularly for those with defects and cicatrixs. The antioxidants in these vitamins supposedly helps rinse off dead and dry tegument cells really rapidly. advancing the growing of new. healthy tegument. This speedy turnover of skin growing typically helps fade cicatrixs. heal defects. and helps scabbed-over lesions become soft and fictile once more more rapidly. The papain enzyme helps the vitamins in the papaia soap to make their work. in add-on to executing several maps of its ain. Papaya besides helps to maintain the tegument soft. fictile. and new-looking. doing it a popular facial soap. Its exfoliating belongingss promote smooth tegument and may assist take uneven colouring and dark musca volitanss over clip. Some makers advertise really fast topographic point rectification with papaya soap. but papaya entirely will non normally take musca volitanss rapidly. Several months of utilizing the soap may demo consequences in this country. Those with nutrient allergic reactions should read labels closely to do certain they won’t have an inauspicious reaction to their chosen soap. Core benefit of the merchandise: 1. Fade cicatrixs and black discolorationPapaya Soap can acquire rid of cicatrixs as Papaya soap contains Papain which will take sore and injured tegument. Papaya soap can besides be used to extinguish black musca volitanss of the tegument. to melt cicatrixs. excite the formation of new tegument cells and it should constant usage until the skin return to normal. 2. Get the better of the job of acne Acne arises normally caused by cell exfoliation of dead tegument cells that clog the pores of the tegument. This resulted in the formation of dead tegument cells and when met with inordinate oil production will do cases of causes acne. Therefore. Papaya soap act efficaciously to skin the dead tegument cells so that acne will non popup. and at the same clip it will take the cicatrixs of acne overtime. 3. Whitening and Skin Whitening Equipped with Cocoa infusion to soften new tegument cells. soap besides contains papaya enzyme papain to renew new tegument cells. With regular application. your tegument will go bright. white. and stain-free. Picture of Location The location of the concern is in 1570 Dela Paz Bldg. Dapitan St. Sampaloc. Manila MeasurementAs we know there’s a batch of Papaya soap that have been produce in market now yearss such as Likas Papaya Soap. Silka Papaya soap. Royale Beauty Kojic Papaya Soap and ECT. So for our Papaya soap trade name name. we choose to utilize MESTISA ( whitening soap ) . We choose this name because as we can see after utilizing this Papaya Soap we can see the differences after utilizing it. Rough tegument. flake tegument. oily skin and so on can go smooth. fresh and the greasy tegument will be lessening after utilizing this papaia soap. So that’s why we choose Pure White and it is besides shows the consumers about the naturality if they used our merchandise. Price ListSmall- P600Big- P800LogoFront position: Back position: This illustration of our merchandise packaging. In forepart of our soap box as we can see there’s our merchandise name Mestiza. which image of miss and Papaya fruit which mean. if we use this soap so our tegument will be look more white and become natural like the miss in the image and the green circle and the star mean is made by 100 % papaia fruit. We besides choose the orange colour because it is show the originality of the papaia fruit. On the top of the packaging the sentence is explicating briefly about our merchandise. â€Å"Bathing your tegument with a new immature beauty MESTIZA ( whitening soap ) . It is made to gently cleanse and profoundly nourish your tegument. go forthing it soft. smooth and refreshed. 100 % derived from the papaia fruit extracts that aid to whiten tegument and smoothens for all kind’s of tegument. † On dorsum of this box client can see the ingredients of our merchandise. The ingredient of our merchandise is Coconut Nucifera. Ricinu sCommunis. Oil. Sodium Hydroxide. Glycerin and another substances that have been allowed. How to utilize this soap: soapsuds in the thenar of our manus. Use on wet face and gently massage. concentrating on brow. nose and chin. Avoid oculus contour countries. in instance of contact with the eyes. rinse instantly. Suitable for day-to-day use. You can utilize it for shower and face. rub down your organic structure 2-3 minute so wash it with H2O. And as we see there’s â€Å"Halal† logo. this merchandise can be used for any people ( can be used whether Muslim and non-muslim ) . We besides put our company logo at that place which the blue circle means that our merchandise will be sell around the universe and the good mark is client will satisfied and will non let down about our merchandise. Benefit of this merchandise 1. Papaya Soap for Dark Spots and Skin Whitening As we know. papaya soap is rather celebrated because of its can do our tegument lightening. Using these papaya soap. dark musca volitanss will vanish in merely a few hebdomads. It can minimise the body’s production of melanin which is the chief cause of the blackening of our tegument. Papaya soap non merely buoy up your skin’s skin color but more significantly is evens it out so that you don’t have dark countries in your face. dark underarms or cubituss and minimise the stain caused by cicatrixs. 2. Papaya Soap for Acne and Skin Exfoliation As you use papaya soap. the papaia enzyme that’s a natural substance found in the papaia fruit. promotes the remotion of dead tegument. Dean tegument can dry up your tegument go forthing it antsy and unsmooth. Skin exfoliation is besides of import so that no other elements like soil and dust atoms are trapped in your tegument which can do hickeies and comedos. Through day-to-day usage of papaia soap. Acne and cicatrixs will be minimized and you’ll exfoliate your tegument doing it softer. whiter and pimple free. 3. Leaves your Skin Healthy and Smooth One of the marks of an unhealthy tegument is dryness. If you are rubing frequently or have noticed cracked on tegument spots. so you may already hold dry tegument. Papaya soap is one of the more effectual interventions to dry tegument as it rejuvenates the tegument. 4. Papaya Soap Heals Acne and Pimple Scars Since Papaya soap chiefly flake the tegument. it can unclog pores that have been backed up by dead tegument cells and over production of sebum. the natural oil that our tegument secretes. Pimples appear when dead tegument and sebum are non instantly washed off. This is why. we should regular usage of papaia soap. acne can be avoided and you can forestall any jailbreaks of those abashing roseolas and hickeies. 5. Reliefs Pain from Insect Bites A fact about the papaia enzyme is that it can breakdown proteins and the toxins left by an insect bite. Rinsing and rinsing a bug bite and stings with papaya soap and H2O can alleviate the hurting and itchiness. This can be a really welcome thought particularly if medical picks are unavailable. Assortment of the merchandise line 1. Shapes We merely do our merchandise into rectangle form. This is because if we make it like that it will be easy to keep and can be divides by for easy usage if needed. depending on client convenience. 2. Color We used orange as our primary colour for our merchandise because it will shows the originality of merchandise that it has been made of 100 % from the fruit itself. Plus. we besides make it orange to do certain clients are non confused. If we make our soap from papaia. we should seek to do the merchandise precisely the same colour as the fruit. otherwise the clients will non even bother purchasing it. 3. Aroma and Spirit The aroma and spirits of class. we used the papaya’s natural ingredient to do our soap. non merely for facial usage but at the same clip for aromatherapy. The clients will experience relax and refresh after each usage of our merchandise. Target market/customer for the decorative merchandise Our mark market is work forces and adult females between 18-30 who are still pupils or recent alumnus. They are most likely the mark group who truly wanted to care of their visual aspect. They are energetic. like traveling out with their friends and wanted to look elegant in the populace. We besides focus on a adult female who already married with an age between 30-50. Even though they are married. they truly wanted to look beautiful for their hubby. Young work forces and adult females who are still a pupil are truly focused on analyzing and most of them do non hold at least a parttime occupation. They rely on their parents to direct them money. Their budget is limited for nutrient and some other disbursals to cover up. Rather than buy an expensive cosmetics merchandises. they likely turn to some inexpensive merchandises that have the same consequence. Last. we besides focus on clients who have severe acne job. Peoples with acne job tend to avoid traveling out in the populace because there are excessively ashamed of their visual aspect. Erstwhile commercial merchandise does non work at all and some branded goods are expensive. The selling mix/4P application 1. Merchandise Our traditional cosmetics focal point on clients who wanted their facial tegument to be free of black topographic point and expression radiant. They do non necessitate to pass their money on some expensive facial whitening merchandise. Nowadays. adult females are non the lone 1 who worried about visual aspects. even work forces wanted to be beautiful for their ain image. In order to run into customer’s outlook. we introduced merchandise that gives them the same consequence as other expensive decorative merchandises in signifier of a soap that is easy to utilize with merely a inexpensive monetary value. 2. Monetary value The suggested retail monetary value of P60. 00 each which is the cheapest whitening merchandise in market yet. Those who can non afford to buy an expensive decorative merchandise. the clients can turn to this merchandise as an option for their facial jobs. 3. Promotion The publicity facet for this merchandise merely use to publicizing. we make advertisement utilizing cyberspace. posting sites and newspapers. Other promotional methods include gross revenues publicities. direct mail. and presentation. In supervising the product’s success. we will offer a particular publicity for the merchandises before incorporating it into normal stock list. 4. Topographic point Our merchandises will be most likely to be sold in topographic point where other cosmetics merchandises are sold. but we will besides set the merchandise in a supermarket of food market shop. This manner the client would non hold the job to purchase the merchandise because it is easy to happen. Most of facial merchandise or cosmetics merchandise have the same intent. and that is to be used by clients and addition net income from it. The companies or certain organisation claiming that their merchandise is better that the others and frailty versa. At the terminal of the twenty-four hours. clients are the lone people who will make up ones mind which merchandise is better. Customers presents like cosmetics merchandise that will demo the consequence faster. So. it will be natural that the clients will seek to avail assortment among the different trade names. which is the ground why different trade names or merchandises give price reductions and launch new material. Brand Decision procedure depends on economic position such that if a purchaser knew about any decorative merchandises in less monetary value and more benefits so decidedly he or she will devour it. therefore our merchandise offer more benefits in sensible monetary value for consumer to do a favourable determination. Consumers search for goods that fulfill their demands and enrich their lives. Our merchandises go beyond bringing of a trade good or service ; they pursue the development of a long term profitable relationship with their clients. Customers will purchase our merchandise chiefly because of three factors aroma. bundle and ingredients. Computation ( Income Statement ) Mention1. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. stylecraze. com/articles/benefits-of-papaya-for-skin-and-hair/ 2. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sabunpepaya. net/3. hypertext transfer protocol: //khasiatdaunpepaya. blogspot. com/2013/05/manfaat-sabun-pepaya-untuk-kecantikan. html 4. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ehow. com/about_6783990_papaya-soap-skin-whitening. html 5. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. livestrong. com/article/230286-what-are-the-benefits-of-papaya-soap/ 6. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. info. com/papaya % 20soap? cb=63 A ; cmp=2884

How to Check the Accreditation of Any Online College

How to Check the Accreditation of Any Online College Accreditation is the process by which an institution- in this case, an online college or university- is certified to have met standards set by a board of representatives selected from peer institutions. An accredited degree from a certified school of higher education will be accepted by other schools and organizations as well as by prospective employers. Proper accreditation for an online degree can mean the difference between a degree that gets you a new job and a certificate that isnt worth the paper its printed on. The two kinds of accreditation are â€Å"institutional† and â€Å"specialized,† or â€Å"programmatic.†Ã‚  Institutional accreditation normally is given to the  institution as a whole, though it doesnt mean that all components of the school are of the same quality. Specialized accreditation applies to parts of the school, which may be as large as a college within a university or as small as a curriculum within a discipline. You can check any online schools accreditation status in less than a minute. Heres how to find out if a school is accredited by an agency recognized by the United States Department of Education: Checking United States Department of Education  Accreditation Listings Go to the U.S. Department of Educations (USDE) College Search page. (You also can check the USDEs accreditation database.) Enter  the name of the online school you would like to research. You dont need to enter information in any other field. Then hit search. Youll be shown a school or several schools that match your search criteria. Click on the school youre looking for. The selected schools accreditation information will appear. Make sure this page is about the school youre seeking  by comparing the website, phone number, and address information you see at the top left  with the information you already have. You can view the colleges institutional or specialized accreditation on this page.  Click on the  accrediting agency for more information. In addition to accreditation status, this information includes the accrediting agency, the date the school was originally accredited, the most recent accreditation action, and the next review date. Checking Council for Higher Education  Accreditation  Listings You may also use the Council for Higher Education Accreditations website to search for accredited online institutions. The process is much the same as with the USDE search, though at the CHEA site you must agree to the terms and conditions  before reaching the search field. Also, the CHEA page provides less information than the USDE page. You also can access a chart comparing CHEA and USDE recognition. Accreditation Doesnt Guarantee Success Accreditation doesnt guarantee that credit hours will transfer to another institution nor assure acceptance of graduates by employers. That remains the prerogative of the school or prospective employer. The Department of Education recommends that students take other steps to determine if the institution will meet their goals, including asking other  schools whether your credits will transfer  or asking possible employers if, for example, the institutions courses will count toward a professional license.

Peter Abelard - Philosopher and Teacher

Peter Abelard - Philosopher and Teacher Peter Abelard was also known as: Pierre Abà ©lard; also spelled Abeillard, Abailard, Abaelardus, and Abelardus, among other variations Peter Abelard was known for: his significant contributions to Scholasticism, his great ability as a teacher and writer, and his infamous love affair with his student, Heloise. Occupations: MonasticPhilosopher TheologianTeacherWriter Places of Residence and Influence: France Important Dates: Died: April 21, 1142 Quotation from Peter Abelard: This first key of wisdom is defined, of course, as assiduous or frequent questioning. Sic et Non, translated by W. J. Lewis More Quotations by Peter Abelard About Peter Abelard: Abelard was the son of a knight, and he gave up his inheritance to study philosophy, particularly logic; he would become renowned for his brilliant use of dialectics. He attended many different schools seeking knowledge from a variety of teachers, and often came into conflict with them because he was so headstrong and certain of his own brilliance. (The fact that he really was brilliant didnt help matters.) By 1114 Peter Abelard was teaching in Paris, where he met and tutored Heloise and became a notable figure of the twelfth-century Renaissance. As a philosopher, Peter Abelard is well-remembered for his solution to the problem of universals (definitive qualities of any given class of things): he maintained that language itself cannot determine the reality of things, but that physics must do so. He also wrote poetry, which was very well received, and established several schools. In addition to these scholarly efforts, Abelard wrote a letter to a friend, which has come down to us as the Historia Calamitatum (Story of My Misfortunes). Together with letters written to him by Heloise, it provides a great deal of information about Abelards personal life. Peter Abelards affair with Heloise (whom he had married) came to an abrupt end when her uncle, wrongly believing Abelard was forcing her to become a nun, sent thugs to his house to castrate him. The scholar hid his shame by becoming a monk, and his philosophical focus shifted from logic to theology. Abelards subsequent career was extremely rocky; he was even condemned as a heretic at one point, and the work the Church deemed heretical was burned. Because Abelard was so cocksure, applied logic so ruthlessly to matters of faith, criticized anything he found worthy of contempt and frequently insulted fellow clerics, he was not well-loved by his contemporaries. However, even his harshest critics had to concede that Peter Abelard was one of the greatest thinkers and teachers of his time. For more about Peter Abelard, his relationship with Heloise, and the events that followed, visit  A Medieval Love Story.   More Peter Abelard Resources: A Medieval Love StoryOnline Text of Abelards Historia CalamitatumQuotations by Peter AbelardAbelard and Heloise Picture GalleryPeter Abelard on the WebAbelard Heloise on FilmThe link below will take you to an online store, where you can find more information about the film. This is provided as a convenience to you; neither Melissa Snell nor About is responsible for any purchases you make through this link. Stealing HeavenBased on the fictional novel by Marion Meade, this 1989 film was directed by Clive Donner and stars Derek de Lint and Kim Thomson. The text of this document is copyright  ©2000-2015 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is not granted  to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission,  please   contact  Melissa Snell. The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/awho/p/who_abelard.htm

Monopolistic competition Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Monopolistic competition - Assignment Example Differentiation can help a company to create a market niche and set a price for a product, which will exceed its marginal costs, and thus will help a company to increase its economic profit in the short-run period (Mankiw, 2011). Product differentiation is considered to be one of the barriers for companies to market entry, as they will have to win the loyalty of the customers to a certain product. However, differentiation in monopolistic competition is not so significant and cannot exclude other products as substitutes (Mankiw, 2011). One of the examples of a company in monopolistic competition is Reed’s Dairy – a farm, which produces dairy products in Idaho Falls, Idaho. Reed’s Dairy used differentiation as a strategy to gain customers loyalty, get additional market niche and increase its profit. Real differentiation was used by Reed’s Dairy, as the farm started to produce hormone free milk and other dairy products. Besides the company offered its customers ice-cream, produced directly at the farm. Reed’s Dairy also used perceived differentiation, as it advertised its products as the best, delicious and most fresh. The company uses its website, facebook page and other means to advertise themselves and communicate with the customers (Reed’s

Changing a behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Changing a behavior - Essay Example I kept track of my daily progress through a data tracking sheet which I will provide with the paper. Motivation My goal falls in upper-level needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. My wish to change my behavior is my social need and self-esteem need, which are the psychological needs that come up in the hierarchy when the low-level needs are satisfied. The only counter-motive that made it difficult for me to accomplish my goal was the lack of comfort in my life. As I already stated, my life has been very hard and I had to struggle a lot to get at this point in life. This hardship made me doubtful about my future and thus I became afraid of many things. This counter-motive falls in the category of safety (comfort) needs in Maslow’s hierarchy. I felt extrinsically motivated to change this behavior because the appreciation I was expecting to get from my peers and others after my changed behavior was enough to motivate me to achieve my goal. My motives did contribute toward t he outcome because communicating with people is always fruitful in the development of speech skills. Also, facing the danger reduces the fear that one feels while encountering dangerous situations. In this way, my motives were good enough to contribute toward a positive outcome. Learning I set my email and other passwords on the words that could remind me of my goals. For example, I changed my email password to â€Å"don’t_be_afraid†, so whenever I logged in, my mind accepted this fact that I had to come out my timidity. I decided to pick a debatable topic once a week and make an appointment with a friend to come and discuss the topic with me. I made a plan to look into the mirror for continuous 10 minutes daily and tell myself that I am a confident person. All these methods proved very helpful to me in the accomplishment of my goals and brought out the long-lost confidence from within me. Emotions, Barriers and Social Support I felt very much motivated to change my be havior. I made a resolution that I had to change this behavior at all costs, and I felt pleasure in my decision. I felt as if I was valuing myself. This feeling filled such energy inside me that I wanted to do more and more to become confident. I found myself emotionally strong enough to keep myself going. It was a nice surprise to me. The only barrier that made it difficult for me to accomplish my goal was the lack of social support. Since I live alone, I am far away from my family and friends, and their support was much needed during this whole process. I was expecting this barrier but to overcome it, I arranged to keep myself busy with my friends and decided to stay in group rather than being alone all the time. Thus, I enlisted some of my colleagues to help me during the process and this was very helpful. Conclusion I am proud to state that I did accomplish my goal to much extent. Although at some points, I felt that it was all useless, but when I started feeling a positive chan ge within me, I decided to continue the process, and in the end it proved to be very fruitful. I feel very delighted at this change because I am getting very much appreciated among my peers. Now, I am able to lead a group. I can speak in front of crowd and deliver a speech. I feel confident enough to tell someone about his mistakes and how to correct them. My self-esteem has risen. Now, I am not shy of giving presentations and delivering speeches. In the future, I plan to

Code of Professional Conduct Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Code of Professional Conduct - Case Study Example These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An Audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. The company recorded land purchased at $100,000 at appraiser's value of $700,000 in violation of generally accepted accounting principles that such land should be recorded at historical cost of $100,000 only. In our opinion, except for the violation of the generally accepted accounting principles on proper recording of land, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material aspects, the financial position of Graham Company as of December 31, 20XY, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. W... January 10, 20XY ADVERSE OPINION AUDITOR'S REPORT Scope Section We have audited the accompanying balance sheet of Graham Company as of December 31, 20XY, and the related statements of income, retained earnings, and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An Audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Middle Section The company recorded land purchased at $100,000 at appraiser's value of $700,000 in violation of generally accepted accounting principles that such land should be recorded at historical cost of $100,000 only.Opinion sectionIn our opinion, because of the material effects of the violation of generally accepted accounting principles in the recording of land, the financial statements referred to above do not present fairly the financial position of Graham Company as of December 31, 20XY, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended. Los Angeles, California

Weather & Climate data for Hawaii Research Paper

Weather & Climate data for Hawaii - Research Paper Example The State of Hawaii has a very intriguing climate and weather patterns that make it unique besides the negative effects that it encounters, especially occasional storm episodes.The storms normally hit the islands where they yield to immense life loss and property destruction. The state has two distinct seasons that characterize its weather pattern commonly known as Kau (summer) from May to October and Ho'oilo (winter) from November to April. Its location is at the south Tropic of Cancer, which implies that it experiences intense sun that result in sunburns. An exposure of 20 minutes is enough for serious sunburn that may be severe especially when it recurs. This is evident especially in the warmest month of August and September which temperatures may rise probably to 890F, for instance, in Honolulu. However, heat in this state ranges with altitude where heading towards the Mt. Waialeale, the effects are rarely experienced, which is similar to rainfall pattern. Besides having two dist inct weather seasons, Hawaii’s day climate trend is unpredictable, hence localized, where two regions can have diverse weather patterns at the same instant. Hawaii climate normally varies divergently across its islands. Therefore, they do experience varying solar radiations at assorted times throughout the year. All other aspects that comprise its climate pattern normally rely on solar radiation, especially the duration exposure. This, besides altering weather aspects like rainfall, may also have adverse impacts like sunburns that are evident mostly in the months of August and September (Villinger 86). Mainly, this is when temperatures are high, specifically at 890F. Hawaiian daily prediction states that it experiences high temperatures mainly in the afternoon characterized by low humidity. This is evident in Fig.1 where, according to the graph, high humidity is in the morning periods, but in the afternoon, it tends to reduce. So, solar radiation normally heats the earth†™s surface plus the air, making the air become dry, hence eliminating high quantity of humidity (Pao-Shin, Chen Ying, and Schroeder 4889). In addition, the ocean trade winds also contribute to increasing humidity of the Hawaiian climate. Alternatively, Hawaii, compared to other states, has high humidity, especially when it experiences intense trade winds. For instance, tourists or people from hotter states, when they alight at the airport, experience chilling on their skins,

The Improvement of Customer Service in Argos Essay

The Improvement of Customer Service in Argos - Essay Example Argos was founded in 1973 by Richard Tompkins. It has been part of the Home Retail Group since 2000 which is the market leader in the home and general merchandise market (Management Today 2010). Together with Homebase, Argos is one of UK’s leading brands, selling products throughout UK as well as the Republic of Ireland (Management Today 2010).  Argos was founded in 1973 by Richard Tompkins. It has been part of the Home Retail Group since 2000 which is the market leader in the home and general merchandise market (Management Today 2010). Together with Homebase, Argos is one of UK’s leading brands, selling products throughout UK as well as the Republic of Ireland (Management Today 2010).  Argos is a unique multi-channel retailer well-known for offering customers choice, value, and convenience. Argos sells general merchandise and home products in over 750 stores all over UK and Ireland through their twice-yearly catalogue, over the internet, and through the telephone.   Argos is currently struggling to retain its viability and profitability. Operational strategies are being contemplated, including the use of internet technologies on its operations. The struggling Argos intends to do a digital makeover of its business operations. This move will replace traditional catalogue and may close or relocate at least 75 stores. Home Retail Group, the parent company, intends to reduce the circulation of traditional Argos catalogue, although it still believes that print marketing will still be relevant to its retail business  

Discuss the strategic roles of middle managers Assignment

Discuss the strategic roles of middle managers - Assignment Example The paper will also discuss participation in strategy making from a middle level management perspective. Main body In their study, Currie and Proctor (2005) concur with the literature that argues that organizational performance is mainly influenced by what takes place in the middle of the organization than what happens at the top. Based on the work of Floyd and Wooldridge (1992, 1994, 1997, 2000), Currie and Proctor (2005) argue that middle managers have a significant role to play in the ‘thinking’ as well as ‘doing’ of strategy in the organization. The middle managers can actually influence the direction of strategy from top to bottom or bottom to top. According to Currie and Proctor (2005), middle managers play four significant roles in strategic decisions in the organization. First, they synthesise information about the operations of the organisation which can be channelled upwards to the executives and can be used in strategy formulation. Second, the mid dle managers can reshape the strategies formulated by the executives since they are closer to all activities that occur in the organization. Thirdly, the middle managers can also exert downward influence especially in areas that are outside the reach of the executives. The fourth point is that middle managers are responsible for implementing deliberate strategy where they translate corporate strategy into action plans. Thus, it can be noted that from the middle management perspective, the middle managers have important strategic roles to make in an organization. Without middle managers, it may be difficult to achieve consistency in the performance of the organization. Raes et al (2011, p. 102) also suggest that â€Å"the interaction of the top management team (TMT) and middle managers (MMs) is central to effective strategy formulation and implementation.† It can be argued that the middle managers are at the center of all activities in the organization. For instance, they dire ctly link with the top executives and the supervisors and other subordinates below them. This makes then significant in strategy formulation. They provide useful ideas to the executives which can be incorporated in the organization’s strategies and they also interpret these strategies to their subordinates. This makes them a bridging stone in the formulation and implementation of various strategies in the organization. The other important element is that the middle managers are directly responsible for the operations of the organization hence the reason why they are so important in strategic decision making and implementation in a particular organization. Wooldridge, Schmid & Floyd (2008) also concur with the notion that the middle managers are central to explaining key organizational outcomes from what they call a â€Å"middle management perspective.† There are several motivations have been described in the literature as the basis for a middle management perspective ( Floyd & Wooldridge, 2000, as cited in Wooldridge, Schmid & Floyd, 2008). The middle managers for instance play an intermediary role and they serve as important interfaces disconnected parties in the organizations. For instance, there is no direct interaction between the subordinates in the organization and the senior executives. However, the middle managers bridge this gap through top and down communication to these disconnected actors in the organization. Therefore, to a larger extent, it can be observed that the middle

The Improvement of Customer Service in Argos Essay

The Improvement of Customer Service in Argos - Essay Example Argos was founded in 1973 by Richard Tompkins. It has been part of the Home Retail Group since 2000 which is the market leader in the home and general merchandise market (Management Today 2010). Together with Homebase, Argos is one of UK’s leading brands, selling products throughout UK as well as the Republic of Ireland (Management Today 2010).  Argos was founded in 1973 by Richard Tompkins. It has been part of the Home Retail Group since 2000 which is the market leader in the home and general merchandise market (Management Today 2010). Together with Homebase, Argos is one of UK’s leading brands, selling products throughout UK as well as the Republic of Ireland (Management Today 2010).  Argos is a unique multi-channel retailer well-known for offering customers choice, value, and convenience. Argos sells general merchandise and home products in over 750 stores all over UK and Ireland through their twice-yearly catalogue, over the internet, and through the telephone.   Argos is currently struggling to retain its viability and profitability. Operational strategies are being contemplated, including the use of internet technologies on its operations. The struggling Argos intends to do a digital makeover of its business operations. This move will replace traditional catalogue and may close or relocate at least 75 stores. Home Retail Group, the parent company, intends to reduce the circulation of traditional Argos catalogue, although it still believes that print marketing will still be relevant to its retail business  

Implementing an ADR Process Essay Example for Free

Implementing an ADR Process Essay An Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is a voluntary procedure where parties come to an agreement to use in conjunction with a formal process of administration, to resolve and settle disagreements or disputes in a work environment (Ann and Jay, 2002). There exist a number of objectives that lead to the use of an ADR processes in an organization. The Alternative Dispute Resolution processes should perform the following factions among others. It should resolve or reduce a number of issues in a dispute, be accessible, use the available resources efficiently, resolve disputes and disagreements as early as they occur, produce effective, lawful and acceptable outcomes to the involved parties and enhance the parties’ satisfaction (Cavel and Vondra, 1994). Types of ADR processes Mediation is a type of neutrally facilitated negotiation. It is a process where the parties to the dispute choose a mutually acceptable and independent third party called the mediator, to assist them in arriving at an amicable solution to their conflict or dispute (Cavel and Vondra, 1994). The mediator enables parties to appraise their own cases with him in confidence, the factors like business relationships, commercial pressures, and reputation issues can be taken into account to necessary extent. Also, the procedure is flexible to suit the parties and the dispute. Mediation is also quick, consequently cheap and entirely confidential. However, Mediation is not suitable where the parties in a dispute require a court judgment (John and Steven, 2003). Conciliation is a process where the conciliator might express an opinion on the advantages of a dispute and will recommend a resolution to that dispute if he is not able persuade the parties to create their own solution (Ann and Jay, 2002). It is often preferred to mediation if the parties want the benefit of a conciliator’s intervention and assistance in the given confidential form provided. Neutral or expert evaluation; Here the parties aggrieved appoint an acceptable and neutral third party to both of them to evaluate their dispute and deduce an opinion on its outcome (Ann and Martin, 2002). They may request for an evaluation of their positions as a matter of law liability. Adjudication is non-housing grant whereby it is a process in which the parties appoint a neutral expert in the subject in disagreement to decide the dispute (Cavel and Vondra, 1994). The adjudicators decision may be binding in the end of a temporary effect or advisory depending on the parties terms of reference availed to him. Implementation of an ADR processes The implementation of an ADR process may face a lot of barriers. For instance, the management may reject it. This may arise where the management do not belief in simple methods of conflict resolution or where they belief Court judgment. Also, another barrier could be misinformation or lack of commitment. Some employees or managers may present the truth about then ADR process as incorrect or as a bad method thereby creating some for of rejection by the other people within an organization (Cavel and Vondra, 1994). The management may also pose a big challenge if it will decline to provide the required leadership in the process of implementing the ADR process. This is where the leading parties may not be willing to play a lead role in its implementation. Another challenge that may be realized is the lack of any form of commitment by the implementing group or lack of a proper legislation for its implementation. Some people on the other hand my go to court to acquire an injunction over the use of this process in an organization. While on the other hand the law firm workforce may fear the possible consequences of adapting ADR process subjecting it to criticism (John and Steven, 2003). Therefore, to overcome these challenges, one needs to have a number of methods. For instance, the person implementing an ADR Process should improve the communication to the rest of the employees and the management in general. Effective communication ensures that the process shall be well explained and illustrated while giving the advantages of accepting its use in the organization if implemented (Steven and Graham, 1993). Also, it is necessary that the concerned parties should hold a meeting for brainstorming and analysis of the strengths of the proposed ADR Process and its implementation. Involving the all affected stakeholders in implementation process ensures that the stakeholders own the process by their active contribution and participation, thus likely to result less resistance. Moreover, this will ensure that the persons concerned are well informed and are part of the process thereby reducing the chances of rejection and other barriers to its implementation. Another way of overcoming the implementation of an ADR Process is by adopting good leadership behavior by the leading persons in the organization. In this regard, a hands-off leadership style which is closely related to â€Å"laissez-faire† is appropriate leadership behavior whereby the top managerial carder provides no or little direction and gives workforce as much freedom in the implementation process (Donald, 2004, p. 216). The authority is given to the staff enabling them to make decisions, determine goals, and resolve problems on their own. However, the management should lead by supporting the implementation of the ADR Process and also provide relevant advice as to the advantages and disadvantages of using the process in the organization in resolving disputes and not imposing the process. Also, an appropriate advice should be given in relation to the legal processes and other court related problems like delays which are likely to drag the resolution of a dispute that would be resolved in a matter of days or hours between the parties. In addition, the cost that is involved in the legal process is higher that that used in the ADR Process. This should discourage the aggrieved parties from taking the case to the courts. The ADR Process plan may be accepted by the management if the definition of the intermediaries like the conciliators, mediators among others is well done and identified. The management might also accept the plan if legality part of the intermediaries is well done especially in adjudication where the experts are involved in the dispute resolution (Ann and Martin, 2002; John and Steven, 2003). This mainly because of the associated advantages of using an AR process like satisfactory results, more flexibility, participation and control, better case understanding, management improvement and reduction of hostility (Cavel and Vondra, 1994). The management is also likely to accept the ADR Process plan if the cost is conspicuously advantageous in adopting the ADR Process and if it proofs that by adopting it, the parting are likely to resolve their disputes amicably are return to their normal way of working because as an organization, it is only fare that the employees are working with harmony and agreement. In conclusion, it is clear that an ADR Process is good for an organization if it is implemented and well used. As much as there are challenges that are associated with its implementation, it is proper that it is well explained both to the management and the rest of the employees so as to embrace its merits and foster a sense of collective acceptability thereby reducing the chances of its rejection.

French Essays Nineteenth Century French Fiction

French Essays Nineteenth Century French Fiction The Representations of Women in Nineteenth Century French Fiction Discuss the representations of women in La Curee (by Zola),Germinie Lacerteux (by Edmond et Jules de Goncourt), La Dame aux Camelias (n.bthe play, not the novel by Dumas fils) and Le Spleen de Paris (by Baudelaire). This research investigates in depth therepresentations of women in such French fiction as La Curà ©e by Emile Zola,Germinie Lacerteux by Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, La Dame aux Camà ©lias by AlexanderDumas the younger and Le Spleen de Paris by Charles Baudelaire. The receivedfindings suggest that in these literary works the writers maintain the ideas ofrealism and naturalism in regard to female characters, rejecting the romanticportrayal of females and stressing on their freedom and sexuality. Somefindings of the dissertation are consistent with the earlier studies of Frenchliterature in the nineteenth century, while other results provide newinterpretations of a female issue. 1 Statement of the problem The representations of women in Frenchliterature of the nineteenth century reflect the writers attempts to providetheir own vision on females in the era of Libertinage, praising theirprinciples of liberty, but implicitly criticising their sexuality and weakness.Contrary to Romantic writers, such authors as Emile Zola, Charles Baudelaire, AlexanderDumas the younger and the Goncourt brothers adhere to the ideas of realism andnaturalism in their portrayals of women, proving that only the observation of differentsides of a persons essence can provide understanding of the reasons behindfemale degradation and failure. In this regard, these writers represent theirfemale characters through social, cultural and familial contexts. 2 Introduction In France the nineteenthcentury was characterised by various social changes that gave rise to theprinciples of libertinage and equality, but also negatively influenced the mostsubordinate group French females. The pleasure became the principal featureof French style of life. In view of these changes French fiction of thenineteenth century was divided into four literary movements: naturalism,symbolism, romanticism and realism. Although the currents differed from eachother, they stressed on the importance of a person and the rejection of purereason and social standards. Following these movements, French writers started todiscuss a female issue through their female characters, uncovering such negativesocial phenomena as female subjugation, divorce, prostitution, psychologicaldisorders of women and depopulation. In particular, they revealed that, despitefemales attempts to achieve equality with males, society continued to impose certainsocial norms and stereotypes on women, depriving th em of the possibility tofollow their own paths. A woman who worked as a prostitute or a servant wasusually regarded as a subject, a person of secondary importance in patriarchalFrench world, but it was this female who was often portrayed innineteenth-century fiction. The aim of thisdissertation is to discuss the representations of females in La Curà ©e by EmileZola, Germinie Lacerteux by Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, La Dame aux Camà ©liasby Alexander Dumas the younger and Le Spleen de Paris by Charles Baudelaire.The paper is divided into several chapters. Chapter 1 provides a statement ofthe problem that reveals the core of the analysis. Chapter 2 reflects a generaloverview of the issue, observing the social and historical contexts of theperiod when the discussed works are written. Chapter 3 evaluates some criticalanalyses of nineteenth-century French fiction. Chapter 4 demonstrates thetheoretical research methods that are utilised in the research. Chapter 5investigates in depth the representations of women in each novel, focusing onboth principal and secondary female characters. Chapter 6 summarises thereceived results, and Chapter 7 points at the limitations of the dissertation andproposes some suggestions for further research of Zola, Edmon d and Jules deGoncourt, Dumas the younger, and Baudelaire. 3 Review of the literature Nineteenth-century French literatureattracts attentions of various critics who provide rather contradictoryviewpoints on literary works of French writers. This can be explained by thefact that in the period of the French Revolution and Libertinage, Frenchliterature began to move away from the traditional portrayals of characters to themore realistic representations. As Desmarais puts it, all the writers of the19th century are more or less romantic; but none of them could bedescribed as traditional. Introducing innovative elements intotheir literary works, these French writers made attempts to either uncoverdifferent sides of reality or to contrast the nineteenth century with the past.For instance, analysing the literary legacy of Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, ElisabethBadinter cites words of Juliette Adam who claims that the Goncourts so lovedand frequented eighteenth-century women that they despised the women of thenineteenth, consigning them to wickedness, debauchery or imbecility. Charles Baudelairescollection of prose texts La Spleen de Paris was published only after his deathand the critics paid no attention to this literary masterpiece; only at thebeginning of the twentieth century Baudelaires work was acknowledged as one ofthe best prose fiction. In particular, Robert Kopp draws a parallel between LaSpleen de Paris and Baudelaires poetry, pointing at the fact that these prosetexts reflect the themes raised in the majority of Baudelaires poems.Emile Zolas novel La Curà ©e was exposed to censure since its publication, butat the end of the twentieth century it was praised by modern critics as asplendid literary work of naturalism. Contrary to Zola and Baudelaire, the playLa Dame aux Camà ©lias by Dumas the younger was accepted by French audience ofthe nineteenth century with delight, and its principal character Marguerite becamethe prototype of many female characters in films, plays and musicals. One ofthe most famous opera produced on Dumas play was Verdis La Traviata. 4 Research methodology The research in this dissertation isconducted, utilising a social constructionist approach and a feminist approach.Applying to these methods, the paper analyses the representations of women fromdifferent perspectives and interpretations. The social constructionist approachuncovers the impact of society on the formation of women and its attitudetowards those females who reject the existing stereotypes. Thus, this method iscrucial for investigating the portrayal of women in French fiction. Anotherappropriate method is the feminist approach that is aimed at observing genderissues in literature, criticising patriarchal society that specifically createsthe differences between men and women and imposes specific roles on women. Asfemales have been usually conformed to certain stereotypes in literature, thefeminist approach makes an attempt to destroy these stereotypicalrepresentations. In this regard, both approaches analyse the portrayal of femalesin nineteenth-century French fiction throu gh social contexts. 5 Discussion 5.1. Naturalism of La Curà ©e by EmileZola Emile Zola belongs tothose writers who in their literary work present the characters that areclosely connected with their environment. In the novel La Curà ©e Zola reflectsfemale characters through social contexts, demonstrating the impact of theenvironment on them. Thus, the writer is more interested in the temperaments ofhis women rather than in other aspects of their personalities. Zola considersthat female temperaments can explain their emotions and actions, theirrelations with other people and their attitudes to the world, in which theylive. In La Curà ©e female characters are greatly influenced by the events of theSecond Empire and the changes that Baron Haussmann introduced in Paris. As a resultof these changes, Zolas women are in search of pleasure and money. After thedeath of Aristide Rougons wife, the character is left with two children anddecides to marry a wealthy female Renà ©e Beraud de Chatel, transforming his nameinto Aristide Saccard. Their marriageprovides Aristide with financial security, but this marriage of conveniencesproves to be unfortunate for the principal female character that is finallyleft without means of subsistence and a family. Renà ©e looses her childrenduring pregnancy and becomes engaged in various sexual intercourses. At firstshe initiates the relations with Saccards son, until he marries anotherwealthy but very ill woman Louise who dies soon after the marriage. Thus, Zolacreates two male characters a father and a son who marry women withdisabilities for money, because they do not have another way to enrichthemselves. But Zola doesnt consider that these men are responsible for femalesfailure. Renà ©e is portrayed as a woman who constantly suffers from neuroticattacks and devotes her life to balls, talks and sexual pleasures. Renà ©eappears to be a product of French patriarchal society that puts a woman into asubordinate position, destroying her self and making her suffer from ownweakness. According to thefeminist approach, such subjugation results in negative consequences for awoman, because she starts to substitute one extreme for another. Inother words, a woman turns from excessive subordination to uncontrollablefreedom. Before her marriage to Aristide, Renà ©e gets pregnant and is abandonedby one of her lovers, and Aristide appears to be a rescue for womansreputation. This female character is portrayed as a simple sensualist who findsreal pleasure in social life and sexual relations. When she meets Aristidesson Maxime, a young teenager who greatly resembles her, she becomes his lover. Althoughthe writer implicitly criticises Renà ©e, he constantly points at the fact thatit is French society that shapes this female who finally destroys not onlyherself, but also people around her. Renà ©e is against Maximes marriage toLouise, considering her to be a weak and ugly girl. She is not able to realisethe power of money for such people as Maxime and Aristide; she is used to spendmuch money and she regards it only as means that help her exist in Frenchsociety. Renà ©e is emotionally involved into the affairs with Maxime and sheutilises this young person for her own pleasures. This female is amazed bythese forbidden relations and doesnt want to think about the consequences ofher action. In the characterof Renà ©e, the writer embodies the essence of Parisian life; similar to Paris,Renà ©e is obsessed with luxury and pleasures, but behind this gorgeousappearance there are degradation and suffering. This female character reflectsreality of the nineteenth century when people run to certain extremes and werefurther destroyed by these extremes. Renà ©es wrong ideals are a result of herlack of appropriate education and social permissiveness that deprive a youngwoman of creating a normal family with loving husband and children. By the endof the narration Renà ©e is completely destroyed by her obsession with pleasure;but Zola observes her weakness and foolishness through the social pressure thatshe is not able to withstand. As Zola puts it, she had slid down a slipperyslope, yet she had not remained passive the whole way down. Desire had awakenedin her too late to combat it, after the fall had become ineluctable. The same regardsthe secondary female character of the novel Angà ¨le, the first wife ofAristide. She is also portrayed as a weak, passive and unhealthy female who isnot able to endure life in Paris. Contrary to Renà ©e, Angà ¨le is not involvedeither in social life of Paris or in sexual relations because of her povertyand poor health, but her submissiveness is also formed by society, in which shelives. As Zola claims, To be poor in Paris is to be poor twice over. Angà ¨leaccepted misery with the passivity of the anemic woman she was. She spent herdays either in the kitchen or lying on the floor playing with her daughter.Angà ¨le is really devoted to her husband and children and refuses to be isolatedfrom young Clotilde when Aristide decides to move to Paris. However, Paris, thecity of changes in nineteenth century France, requires changes in individualsas well. Those people who fail to adjust to these changes are destroyed, thatis just the case with Angà ¨le. Aristides firstwife appears too kind and weak, the features that do not allow her to survivein the cruel and degrading Parisian world; however, such characters as MmeSidonie, a sister of Aristide, is aware of the role of money in Paris. Zolaportrays this secondary character as a person who eliminates her emotions andinstead applies to pure reason. When Sidonie visits a dying Angà ¨le, shecompletely ignores any morality or decency in her talk with Aristide: She wasa good woman, his sister continued, speaking as though Angà ¨le were alreadydead. You can find women who are wealthier. Zola criticises suchfemale scorn, implicitly demonstrating that Paris destroys the souls of womenand makes them act, like machines, without any emotions and feelings. Thisrealistic portrayal reflects the negative impact of certain social norms onindividuals. Sidonie is used to interfere into the lives of other people anddecide their fates. Therefore, in his representations of women Emile Zolastresses on t he fact that power and wealth deprave females in France, butsimultaneously he contrasts these mean women with such good females as Angà ¨leand Cà ©leste. As the writer describes, Cà ©lestes devotion pleased Renà ©e all themore because she knew her to be honest and thrifty, a woman without a lover anduntouched by vice. 5.2. Misogyny in Germinie Lacerteux Similar to Zola, Edmondand Jules de Goncourt in their literary work Germinie Lacerteux create thefemale characters that reflect the ideals of femininity existed in Frenchsociety in the nineteenth century. Although their women reveal certain liberty,they are too preoccupied with their own sexuality. Through their femalecharacters the Goncourt brothers reflect their misogynistic vision of femaleswho are not able to suppress their sexual desires and who become the slaves oftheir natural instincts. Throughout the narration Edmond and Jules de Goncourtexpress their longing for eighteenth-century females with their refinedappearances, exquisite manners and flirtation; they long for the period ofstrong aesthetic values and cultivated morality. Thus, their female charactersare usually portrayed as depraved females who end tragically because of theirweakness, poor education and lack of intelligence. GerminieLacerteux, the principal female character, is a woman who is sexually abused inearly years and who is not able to marry when she comes to Paris. However, hermotherly instincts are too powerful and she starts to look after a niece andanother child Jupillon. But when Jupillon is transformed into a man, Germinieexperiences a sudden passion towards him, and it is this passion that destroysher reputation and turns into poverty, because the love had been for theJupillon young person only the satisfaction of a certain curiosity of the evil,seeking in the knowledge and in the possession of a woman the right and thepleasure of scorning it. When Jupillon abandons Germinie, shestarts drinking and is involved in numerous sexual intercourses that bring herto death, similar to Dumas Marguerite and Zolas Renà ©e. In this regard, Edmondand Jules de Goncourt uncover female passion that can gradually destroy a womanand depreciate her, criticising Germinies uncontrollable sexual desires andins tead maintaining the ideas of female virginity. As Jupillon tells Germinieduring one of their talks, you appear yourself well still, you are not myheart, you are not my life, you are only my pleasure. Contrary toother French writers of the nineteenth century that mainly portray females fromthe upper-class society, the principal female characters of Edmond and Jules deGoncourt belong to the middle-class. Such shift from aristocratic females topoor females reflects great realism of the narration, eliminating romanticismthat is usually utilised in French novels. The Goncourts naturalism explainsthe reasons of female sexuality and their further failure. According to the writers,it is really difficult for such a woman as Germinie to suppress her naturalinstincts and adhere to social morality that rejects any powerful emotions.Such females make attempts to change their conditions of living, but finallythey appear in the similar conditions as at the initial stage of life. TheGoncourts present this viewpoint not only on the example of Germinie, but alsoon the example of a secondary character Miss de Varandeuil, an old kindspinster who hires Germinie as a servant to her and who becomes ful ly attachedto a young girl. As Edmond and Jules de Goncourt put it, This old womanisolated and forgotten by death, only at the end of her life, trailing heraffections of tomb in tomb, had found her last friend in her servant. However, suchclose relations between a master and a servant are not unusual fornineteenth-century French literature that usually reflects female servants asdevoted and hardworking people who gradually occupy the principal place in thenarration. Despite their different social positions, Germinie and Miss deVarandeuil finish their lives in loneliness, with the only difference thatGerminie doesnt suppress her sexual desires, while Miss de Varandeuil isolatesherself from the rest of the world, as well as from her powerful emotions.According to the social constructionist approach, a woman is created bysociety, in which she lives; thus, her sexual behaviour is also formed by theenvironment. In this regard, the differences in sexual desires ofGerminie and Miss de Varandeuil can be explained by their different backgroundsand upbringing. Miss de Varandeuil is the representative of a brokenaristocratic family that loses its fortune during the French Revolution, whileGerminie comes from a middl e-class society that adheres to easier manners. 5.3. Realism of La Dame aux Camà ©lias The play of Dumas theyounger La Dame aux Camà ©lias portrays a beautiful prostitute Marguerite Gautierwho breaks the relations with her lover, Armand Duval, to improve hisreputation and soon dies of her incurable illness. In this female character thewriter embodies his lover Marie Duplessis who died at the age of twenty-three. Dumaspresents Marguerite as a romantic woman, despite the fact that her real lifewas not so romanticised. At the end of the play Marguerite claims that she haslived for love and she doesnt hesitate to die for love. By applying to suchtragic end, Dumas uncovers the social system of his times, when a woman fromthe middle-class couldnt be engaged in the relations with a male of the upper-class,or otherwise she could destroy his life and reputation. On the exampleof this character Dumas the younger reflects womans degradation, but Margueritesdeath as a result of illness evokes sympathy towards her. Marguerite saves notonly Armand, but also his sister who at last receives an opportunity to occupyan appropriate position in upper-class society. In this regard, a life of onefemale is sacrificed for the sake of another woman, although Marguerite ispresented as an unusual female with many virtues. She is not only beautiful,but is also intelligent and noble. In the play Dumas the younger portraysMarguerite as a person with a slender figure, white face and dark hair. She hasamazingly bright eyes, full lips and unusually white teeth. She possesses agood taste in her dresses, in music, in art and behaves in a noble way. But,above all, this courtesan has a big heart, expressing sympathy andunderstanding towards other people. As Dumas describes her, There was a kindof candour in this woman. You could see she was still in the virginity of vi ce.No wonder that Armand falls in love with Marguerite from the first sight;however, this popular French prostitute has never loved before she meetsArmand. As Armand tells the truth about his feelings towards her, Margueritelaughs at him, but he gradually persuades her in his love, and she returns hisaffection. When Armand speaks with his father, he says, Perhaps I am in thewrong, but I can only be happy as long as I am the lover of this woman. However, whenMarguerite finds out that she is ill, she realises that her past has deprivedher of future. Although noble people in nineteenth-century France were usuallyengaged in sexual relations with prostitutes, and these relations were regardedas natural, the situation was different in regard to love. The relations basedon love were fully prohibited by upper-class society, and an aristocratcouldnt love or marry a prostitute, because such action would destroy him.Marguerite has no choice, but to destroy the relations with her lover in themost complex period of her life. Dumas the younger reveals that Frencharistocratic society creates certain social norms; those persons who try tooppose to them, are excluded from society. Thus, Marguerite appears to be avictim of these social norms, as she is engaged in illicit sexual relationswith men. As these relations are concealed, they are ignored by society, butwhen they are exposed, they destroy the reputation of a person who belongs tothe upper-class. Marguerite realises that her bad reputation threatens not onlyArmand, but his family as well, and she decides to break her relations with theonly person she truly loves. Such actiondemonstrates that Marguerite is better than females of the upper-class, becauseshe understands her responsibility. Marguerite creates her own existence, but,as the writer puts it, Do not let us despise the woman who is neither mother,sister, maid, nor wife. Although this female character has neverbelieved in love and has utilised males for her own benefits, the relationswith Armand change her. Marguerite doesnt want to destroy Armands life, as shehas destroyed her own. As she tells him, your family would cast you off if youwere to live with a woman like me. Let us be friends, good friends, but nomore. Despite the fact that Marguerite takes this seriousdecision because of her sincere love to Armand, Dumas the youngersimultaneously shows that she adheres to the demands of French society.Marguerite is used to act independently, but in this particular case shedecides to reveal her subjection to society. In this regard, the writer provesthat the principles of Libertinage that w ere established in France in theeighteenth century were attributed only to males, while females were punishedfor any display of independence. In the case ofMarguerite, this female is first punished for her illegal sexual intercoursesand further for her love to Armand, the representative of the upper-class. Throughouther life Marguerite has collided with many obstacles and has successfullyovercome them. But she fails to defend her love against social prejudices.Contrasting Marguerite with females of the upper-class, Dumas the younguncovers the degradation of French society that rejects emotions and insteadadheres to the failed morality. When Marguerite abandons Armand without anyexplanation, he constantly humiliates her during their meetings. As Margueritefeels that her illness progresses, she comes to Armand one more time and she cantsuppress her desires. But Marguerite understands that she has to leave Armandwho is unaware of true reasons behind her escape. As a result, Armand destroysMarguerite during the ball by publicly giving money to her. After suchhumiliation Marguerite looses her friends and clients and dies in po verty andloneliness. In prologue Marguerites lover receives her letter and realises thetrue virtues of this beautiful and intelligent female. As Dumas claims, Margueritewas a pretty woman; but though the life of such women makes sensation enough,their death makes very little. In real lifeMarie Duplessie greatly influenced Dumas the younger, but it is he whoabandoned her, realising that he didnt have enough money to support this richcourtesan. However, as Dumas became more involved into the life of Frenchsociety, he began to observe the social attitude towards courtesans and decidedto reflect this attitude in his play La Dame aux Camà ©lias. Through the characterof Marguerite the writer reveals his own opinion of a female. He portrays abeautiful and intelligent woman, providing her with many virtues and love, butsimultaneously depriving her of the possibility to marry a person she lovesbecause of her bad reputation. When after their prolonged parting Armand asksMarguerite, whether she is happy, she answers: Have I the face of a happywoman, Armand? Do not mock my sorrow, you, who know better than any one whatits cause and its depth are. Thus, Dumas the younger implicitlydemonstrates that ideal love relations can be established only between a virginand a ma n with sexual experience. At the same timeDumas regards close relations between opposite sexes as a battle. AlthoughMarguerite has a kind heart and sincerely falls in love with Armand, she is nota virgin and is not able to fully belong to one man, with all her heart, bodyand soul. On the one hand, Dumas the younger reveals that a prostitute may be abetter woman than a virgin, but, on the other hand, he rises againstprostitution that transforms women into the subjects and deprives them of thepossibility to become good mothers and wives. According to the socialconstructionist approach, it was natural for a man of the nineteenth century toestablish sexual relations with different women, but women had to adhere tostrict social norms. In the play Dumas shows that the marriage with aprostitute is equated with a crime, but Marguerite redeems her reputation. Butsuch prostitutes, with a heart, were infrequent in Dumas time, although someof his secondary female characters are also beautiful and intelligent. Forinstance , he introduces M de N. into his narration, a prostitute and anacquaintance of Marguerite. As the writer characterises her, the man who wasthe lover of such a woman might well be as proud as M. de N., and she wasbeautiful enough to inspire a passion. When Armand utilises herto revenge Marguerite, she reveals an unusual intelligence when she claims,you love Marguerite, and you want to have revenge upon her by becoming mylover. You dont deceive a woman like me, my dear friend. 5.4. Ambiguity of Le Spleen deParis by Baudelaire Similar to Emile Zola,Baudelaire reveals his female characters through social environment; this isespecially obvious in his collection of prose texts Le Spleen de Paris, wherehe shows an impact of Paris on women. When Baudelaire arrived to Paris, he hadto live in various parts of the city, observing the life of women in theseplaces. In the text The Despair of the Old Woman, the writer reflects hissympathy to an aged female who experiences great despair, as she sees a childand wants to smile at him, but the child is afraid of this old woman who doesnthave hair and teeth. This lonely woman is horrified by such attitude and shecries: Ah! For us, unhappy female old women, the age passed to like, even withthe innocent ones, and we make horror with the little children that we want tolike. Baudelaireregards such women as victims of life who symbolise loneliness and misery. Applyingto such horror portrayals, the poet implicitly criticises those women who areobsessed with their material well-being, ignoring the reality and the beauty ofthe world around them. In Le Spleen de Paris Baudelaire draws a parallelbetween one woman and another, as well as between a man and a woman. In thetext The Wild Woman and the Small Mistress the poet presents a dialogue betweentwo females, uncovering their views on life. Though both persons belong to onesex, they are different, as the wild woman describes a mistress, you whichrest only on fabrics as soft as your skin, which eat only cooked meat, and forwhich a skilful servant takes care to cut out the pieces. Suchportrayal reveals the poets double vision, his attempts to evaluate varioussides of peoples consciousness. But Baudelaireis especially sympathetic to widows and old females who are forgotten andneglected by society. In his text Widows the poet provides a detailed portrayalof widows in the parks, claiming that it is easy to recognize them,because each widow reflects loneliness, pain and isolation. Baudelaireintensifies their misery by contrasting these lonely and poor widows withwealthy and idle people who walk in the park: It is always somethinginteresting that this reflection of the joy of the rich person at the retina ofpoor. These reflections show the ability of Baudelaire forobservations and his understanding of a female essence. In his text BeautifulDorothà ©e the poet describes a beautiful Dorothà ©e strong and proud like thesun who walks along the street, bare-footed, and smiles. Perhaps,Baudelaire ponders, she goes to a young officer to talk with him, thats whyshe is so delighted. Such is the image that the girl creates for the rest ofthe world, but no one knows that she gathers each piaster to redeem her littlesister. In another prose poem Which is the true one Baudelaire reveals thestory of a beautiful and unusual girl Bà ©nà ©dicta who is portrayed by the poet asideal. But as he claims, this miraculous girl was too beautiful to live a longtime and she dies very young. Baudelaire realises that femalebeauty and youth are temporary, and many good women die at an early age. In the textPortraits of Mistresses the poet describes four males who talk about theirmistresses, implicitly uncovering their inability to accept femaleindependence. According to the feminist approach, female characters are usuallyportrayed from two different perspectives: either as chaste wives, if theyadhere to the standards of patriarchal society, or as mistresses, if theyreject social rules and stereotypes. However, in La Spleen deParis Baudelaire reveals that such attitude is also aggravated by class andeconomic differences. 6 Conclusions The dissertation has analysed therepresentations of women in La Curà ©e by Zola, Germinie Lacerteux by Edmond and Julesde Goncourt, La Dame aux Camà ©lias by Dumas and Le Spleen de Paris byBaudelaire. In these works the portrayal of females reflects complex socialstereotypes and norms existed in French society. In the play La Dame aux Camà ©liasDumas the younger reveals that French aristocracy was engaged in sexualrelations with courtesans, but, as these relations became a threat to theirreputation, they destroyed any intercourse with their lovers. On the example ofthe principal female character the prostitute Marguerite Gautier the writerdemonstrates that a woman of a low social position with a reputation of aprostitute has no chances for better future, even if she possesses many virtuesand beauty. Although Marguerite sincerely falls in love with Armand Duval, sherealises that their relations destroy not only Armand, but his family as well.Suffering from an incurable illness, M arguerite nevertheless decides to abandonher lover for his sake. Thus, Dumas the younger proves that independent andintelligent females collide with many restrictions and stereotypes inpatriarchal world. The libertine ideas that were proclaimed throughout Francein the eighteenth century were mainly maintained by males, while womencontinued to occupy inferior position to men. Such female oppression wasaggravated by social biases of the upper-class towards people of themiddle-class, the biases that were mainly based on economical differencesbetween two classes. In GerminieLacerteux Edmond and Jules de Goncourt provide a misogynistic vision onfemales, trying to prove that women are too preoccupied with sexuality andsocial position. Similar to Dumas Marguerite, the Goncourts principal femalecharacter also belongs to the middle-class society and who is destroyed by herpassion to a young male. Following the principles of naturalism, the Goncourtsobserve a female from biological and social perspectives. Emile Zola goesfurther; in his novel La Curà ©e the writer reveals that social environmentshapes